{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415367142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3623633","title":"UAV-Assisted Integrated Active and Passive Sensing With Communication: A Hybrid-SAC Approach","display_name":"UAV-Assisted Integrated Active and Passive Sensing With Communication: A Hybrid-SAC Approach","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415367142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3623633"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3623633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3623633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100615078","display_name":"Kang Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3637-8999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3637-8999","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025690716","display_name":"Luping Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-6708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luping Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-6708","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049183561","display_name":"Zheng Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1351-7311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kang Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile Zijin Innovation Institute, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile Zijin Innovation Institute, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040560297","display_name":"Jie Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-0172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-0172","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435639","display_name":"Kun Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6782-6689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881766915","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6782-6689","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I881766915"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115602422","display_name":"Jun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6766-5611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180662265","display_name":"China Mobile (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/05gftfe97","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Mobile Zijin Innovation Institute, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Mobile Zijin Innovation Institute, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180662265"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86528689,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"4","first_page":"6323","last_page":"6334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.980400025844574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.9351000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.6966000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-station","display_name":"Ground station","score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.33730000257492065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.6966000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6351000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5781999826431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5580999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5264999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4262000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.3837999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989135121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349167","display_name":"Ground station","level":3,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32283439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1407014","display_name":"Radar tracker","level":3,"score":0.31299999356269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3068999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2973000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989549987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q350882","display_name":"Route planning","level":2,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14103023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681459","display_name":"Pairing","level":3,"score":0.27880001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.25870001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50661577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901831","display_name":"Time-division multiplexing","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106516650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm design","level":2,"score":0.2547000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145424490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618465","display_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicle","level":4,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3623633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3623633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1305611244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62531008","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6189603853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62301122","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7888387042","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62132004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"the":[1,104,110,122,153],"low-altitude":[2],"economy":[3],"rapidly":[4],"develops,":[5],"a":[6,63,76,78,82,86,133,157],"growing":[7],"number":[8],"of":[9,125],"unmanned":[10],"aerial":[11],"vehicles":[12],"(UAVs)":[13],"will":[14],"participate":[15],"in":[16,160,166,172],"specific":[17],"missions":[18],"that":[19,66,99,152],"require":[20],"periodic":[21],"data":[22],"from":[23],"ground":[24],"base":[25],"stations":[26],"(GBSs)":[27],"to":[28,36,44,115,145],"ensure":[29],"safe":[30],"flight":[31],"operations.":[32],"Such":[33],"UAVs,":[34],"due":[35],"their":[37,50],"low":[38],"communication":[39,79],"demand,":[40],"are":[41],"ideal":[42],"candidates":[43],"serve":[45],"as":[46,132],"sensing":[47,56,71,161,173],"receivers":[48],"during":[49],"free":[51],"time,":[52],"thereby":[53],"enhancing":[54],"environmental":[55],"performance.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59,147],"paper,":[60],"we":[61],"present":[62],"UAV-assisted":[64],"framework":[65],"fuses":[67],"active":[68],"and":[69,85,108,120,129,168],"passive":[70],"with":[72,175],"downlink":[73],"communication,":[74],"pairing":[75],"GBS,":[77],"UAV":[80,88],"following":[81],"pre-planned":[83],"trajectory":[84],"sensed":[87],"at":[89,103,109],"an":[90,95],"unknown":[91],"position.":[92],"We":[93],"derive":[94],"analytical":[96],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[97],"bound":[98],"unifies":[100],"echoes":[101],"collected":[102],"GBS":[105],"(active":[106],"sensing)":[107,114],"airborne":[111],"relay":[112],"(passive":[113],"quantify":[116],"three-dimensional":[117],"localization":[118],"accuracy,":[119],"cast":[121],"joint":[123],"design":[124],"beamforming,":[126],"power":[127],"allocation":[128],"signal-frame":[130],"scheduling":[131],"mixed":[134],"discrete-continuous":[135],"optimization.":[136],"A":[137],"hybrid":[138],"Soft":[139],"Actor-Critic":[140],"(hybrid-SAC)":[141],"algorithm":[142],"is":[143],"proposed":[144,154],"address":[146],"problem.":[148],"Simulation":[149],"results":[150],"demonstrate":[151],"method":[155],"achieves":[156],"36.5%":[158],"improvement":[159],"performance,":[162],"outperforms":[163],"DRL":[164],"benchmarks":[165],"convergence,":[167],"surpasses":[169],"traditional":[170],"methods":[171],"accuracy":[174],"lower":[176],"computational":[177],"complexity.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-18T05:59:34.339393","created_date":"2025-10-21T00:00:00"}
