{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7091621545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3621754","title":"Performance Analysis and Evaluation on GNSS/IMU Independent Consistency Monitoring Spoofing Detection Methods for Vehicles","display_name":"Performance Analysis and Evaluation on GNSS/IMU Independent Consistency Monitoring Spoofing Detection Methods for Vehicles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7091621545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3621754"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3621754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3621754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yimin Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhenyang Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jingnan Tan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingnan Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xingyi Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingyi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mingquan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingquan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-7160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210148107","display_name":"Space Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rj1td02","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-7160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Space Network and Communications, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210148107"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59042575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"4","first_page":"5693","last_page":"5707"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.8702999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.8702999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.015599999576807022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7523000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.7443000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.6718000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite-system","display_name":"Satellite system","score":0.4302999973297119}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7523000240325928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.7443000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6884999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.6718000173568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.49480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.4629000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778027091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25346003","display_name":"Satellite system","level":4,"score":0.4302999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38370001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3813000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128651787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570607","display_name":"Inertial navigation system","level":3,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.2513999938964844}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3621754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3621754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1198081171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62473222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Global":[0],"Navigation":[1],"Satellite":[2],"System":[3],"(GNSS)":[4],"spoofing":[5,19,41],"attacks":[6],"pose":[7],"significant":[8],"threats":[9],"to":[10],"vehicular":[11,184],"navigation.":[12],"Currently,":[13],"Inertial":[14],"Measurement":[15],"Unit":[16],"(IMU)-aided":[17],"GNSS":[18],"detection":[20,42],"techniques":[21,85],"have":[22],"garnered":[23],"considerable":[24],"attention,":[25],"among":[26],"which":[27,65],"the":[28,144,163,178],"Independent":[29],"Consistency":[30],"Monitoring":[31],"(ICM)":[32],"methods":[33,49,182],"stand":[34],"out":[35],"for":[36,68,83,118,138,177],"their":[37],"strong":[38],"applicability":[39],"and":[40,55,106,128,147,156,168],"capacity.":[43],"However,":[44],"existing":[45],"researches":[46],"on":[47,87],"ICM":[48,70,84,98,181],"often":[50],"lack":[51,78],"comprehensive":[52],"theoretical":[53,81,116,145],"analysis":[54,117],"performance":[56,165],"evaluation,":[57],"while":[58],"also":[59],"overlooking":[60],"some":[61],"important":[62],"influencing":[63,150],"factors,":[64,151],"are":[66],"crucial":[67],"effective":[69],"implementation.":[71],"This":[72],"gap":[73],"has":[74],"resulted":[75],"in":[76,183],"a":[77,122,130],"of":[79,125,166,180],"clear":[80],"guidance":[82],"application":[86,179],"vehicles.":[88],"To":[89],"address":[90],"these":[91],"issues,":[92],"this":[93],"paper":[94,113],"investigates":[95],"two":[96],"general":[97],"hypothesis":[99,105],"models:":[100],"Velocity":[101,107],"Increment":[102,108],"Difference":[103],"(VID)":[104],"Correlation":[109,134],"(VIC)":[110],"hypothesis.":[111],"The":[112],"provides":[114],"thorough":[115],"both":[119],"models,":[120],"presenting":[121],"rigorous":[123],"derivation":[124,146],"VID":[126,167],"model":[127],"proposing":[129],"novel":[131],"Population-Aided":[132],"Sample":[133],"(PASC)":[135],"analytical":[136],"algorithm":[137],"VIC":[139,169],"model.":[140],"Simulation":[141],"results":[142],"validate":[143],"identify":[148],"key":[149],"such":[152],"as":[153],"zero-bias":[154],"error":[155],"motion":[157],"fluctuation.":[158],"Additionally,":[159],"field":[160],"experiments":[161],"evaluate":[162],"practical":[164],"models":[170],"under":[171],"various":[172],"conditions,":[173],"offering":[174],"valuable":[175],"insights":[176],"navigation":[185],"systems.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}