{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414404895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485","title":"Secure Backscatter Communications Through RIS: Modeling and Performance","display_name":"Secure Backscatter Communications Through RIS: Modeling and Performance","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414404895","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050443046","display_name":"Masoud Kaveh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-8054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masoud Kaveh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0752-8054","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046756811","display_name":"Farshad Rostami Ghadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-369X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173304897","display_name":"Universidad de Granada","ror":"https://ror.org/04njjy449","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farshad Rostami Ghadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, University of Granada, Granada, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0729-369X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Signal Theory, Networking and Communications, University of Granada, Granada, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173304897"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065050442","display_name":"Zhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-0136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3824-0136","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078219471","display_name":"Zheng Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-2108"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9697-2108","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059959008","display_name":"Riku J\u00e4ntti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-2381"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riku J\u00e4ntti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-2381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77478023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"3","first_page":"4464","last_page":"4477"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.8593999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cumulative-distribution-function","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.498199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secure-communication","display_name":"Secure communication","score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4530999958515167}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.8593999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5799000263214111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103784038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386228","display_name":"Cumulative distribution function","level":3,"score":0.5745999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5697000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5108000040054321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.5055999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.498199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4530999958515167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47191418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510462","display_name":"Information-theoretic security","level":3,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834111","display_name":"Transformative learning","level":2,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31243852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666739","display_name":"Stochastic geometry","level":2,"score":0.2809999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.2669999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:17941419","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2025.3612485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, (2025-09-22)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Backscatter":[0],"communication":[1,9,47],"(BC)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5,40],"a":[6,41,93,104,109,175,216],"pivotal":[7],"wireless":[8],"paradigm":[10],"owing":[11],"to":[12,29,81,102,120,182,236,256],"its":[13,24,30],"low-power":[14],"and":[15,46,112,139,162,178,198,228],"cost-effective":[16],"characteristics.":[17],"However,":[18,52],"BC":[19,63,124,253,258],"faces":[20],"various":[21],"challenges":[22,61],"from":[23],"low":[25],"signal":[26],"detection":[27],"rate":[28],"security":[31,60],"vulnerabilities.":[32],"Recently,":[33],"reconfigurable":[34],"intelligent":[35],"surfaces":[36],"(RIS)":[37],"have":[38],"surfaced":[39],"transformative":[42],"technology":[43],"addressing":[44,58],"power":[45],"performance":[48,71,116,250],"issues":[49],"in":[50,57,117,133,141,215],"BC.":[51,118],"the":[53,59,69,82,114,121,134,142,157,168,184,193,210,226,231,238,248,252],"potential":[54],"of":[55,62,72,123,136,144,156,192,212,225,251],"RIS":[56,94,244],"remains":[64],"uncharted.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67],"investigates":[68],"secrecy":[70,115,185,195,199,249],"RIS-aided":[73],"BC,":[74],"where":[75],"all":[76],"channels":[77],"are":[78],"distributed":[79],"according":[80],"Fisher-Snedecor":[83],"<inline-formula":[84,96],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[85,97],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[86,98],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mathcal":[87],"{F}$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[88],"distribution.":[89],"Specifically,":[90],"we":[91,150,187,220],"consider":[92],"with":[95],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[99],"reflecting":[100],"elements":[101],"help":[103],"backscatter":[105],"device":[106],"(BD)":[107],"establish":[108],"smart":[110],"environment":[111],"enhance":[113],"Due":[119],"nature":[122],"systems,":[125],"our":[126],"analysis":[127,224],"considers":[128],"two":[129],"possible":[130],"scenarios":[131],"(i)":[132],"absence":[135],"direct":[137,145],"links":[138],"(ii)":[140],"presence":[143],"links.":[146],"In":[147,207],"both":[148,174,204],"cases,":[149],"first":[151],"derive":[152,189],"compact":[153],"analytical":[154,190,239],"expressions":[155,191],"probability":[158,201],"density":[159],"function":[160,165],"(PDF)":[161],"cumulative":[163],"distribution":[164],"(CDF)":[166],"for":[167,203],"received":[169],"signal-to-noise":[170],"ratio":[171],"(SNR)":[172],"at":[173],"legitimate":[176],"receiver":[177],"an":[179,222],"eavesdropper.":[180],"Then,":[181],"analyze":[183],"performance,":[186],"further":[188],"average":[194],"capacity":[196],"(ASC)":[197],"outage":[200],"(SOP)":[202],"mentioned":[205],"scenarios.":[206],"addition,":[208],"regarding":[209],"importance":[211],"system":[213,254],"behavior":[214],"high":[217],"SNR":[218],"regime,":[219],"provide":[221],"asymptotic":[223],"SOP":[227],"ASC.":[229],"Eventually,":[230],"Monte-Carlo":[232],"simulation":[233],"is":[234],"used":[235],"validate":[237],"results,":[240],"revealing":[241],"that":[242,260],"utilizing":[243],"can":[245],"greatly":[246],"improve":[247],"relative":[255],"traditional":[257],"setups":[259],"do":[261],"not":[262],"incorporate":[263],"RIS.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}