{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7082284267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612103","title":"An Extended Butler Matrix With Embedded Digital Phase Shifters and Its Multibeam Application for V2X Communication","display_name":"An Extended Butler Matrix With Embedded Digital Phase Shifters and Its Multibeam Application for V2X Communication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7082284267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612103"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3612103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Hao Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2794-2826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2794-2826","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-5969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1434-5969","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zi-Jian Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1202-3723"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zi-Jian Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1202-3723","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jia-Hao Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jia-Hao Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ming Zhao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fang Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Research Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5348-7532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5348-7532","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88525796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"3","first_page":"4424","last_page":"4436"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6585000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12157","display_name":"Geochemistry and Geologic Mapping","score":0.6585000157356262,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13067","display_name":"Geological Modeling and Analysis","score":0.024900000542402267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1906","display_name":"Geochemistry and Petrology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10271","display_name":"Seismic Imaging and Inversion Techniques","score":0.01940000057220459,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1908","display_name":"Geophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-module","display_name":"Phase shift module","score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-radio","display_name":"Digital radio","score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-algebra","display_name":"Matrix algebra","score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s-matrix-theory","display_name":"S-matrix theory","score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-modulation","display_name":"Phase modulation","score":0.29589998722076416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5888000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5266000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.4657999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.42410001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103864889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4480524","display_name":"Phase shift module","level":3,"score":0.39469999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3912000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507880516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1257510","display_name":"Digital radio","level":2,"score":0.36160001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988995629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915729","display_name":"Matrix algebra","level":3,"score":0.32440000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776275307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649466","display_name":"S-matrix theory","level":3,"score":0.31700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3041999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96834759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750463","display_name":"Phase modulation","level":3,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.26969999074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986910011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17517","display_name":"Cellular radio","level":3,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90327742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947396","display_name":"Insertion loss","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19275194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q222903","display_name":"Multiplexing","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89061704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5555726","display_name":"Frequency-division multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.2590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36390408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163067","display_name":"Digital filter","level":3,"score":0.25839999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.25619998574256897}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3612103","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3612103","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2400182512","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515030021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4556900358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"D5000230078","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8171234546","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62474141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982841686","https://openalex.org/W2075034176","https://openalex.org/W2146644369","https://openalex.org/W2149773229","https://openalex.org/W2170943022","https://openalex.org/W2460379932","https://openalex.org/W2589977738","https://openalex.org/W2770007205","https://openalex.org/W2780204863","https://openalex.org/W2855684666","https://openalex.org/W2910671584","https://openalex.org/W2919315831","https://openalex.org/W2945657997","https://openalex.org/W2967368565","https://openalex.org/W3019878669","https://openalex.org/W3032247105","https://openalex.org/W3039882108","https://openalex.org/W3138008166","https://openalex.org/W4205108499","https://openalex.org/W4206606187","https://openalex.org/W4213143281","https://openalex.org/W4285198781","https://openalex.org/W4291653295","https://openalex.org/W4312470199","https://openalex.org/W4312708593","https://openalex.org/W4321609358","https://openalex.org/W4323065872","https://openalex.org/W4323530245","https://openalex.org/W4324134775","https://openalex.org/W4386444206","https://openalex.org/W4387623771","https://openalex.org/W4388016362"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,119],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,85,178,188,217,222],"beam-switching":[4],"multibeam":[5,179,226],"antenna":[6,193,227],"with":[7,52,65,152,209],"wide":[8],"bandwidth":[9],"and":[10,35,41,50,93,145,147,184,216,231],"compact":[11],"size":[12,115],"is":[13,33,82,116,125,142,181],"investigated":[14],"for":[15,236,244],"Vehicle-to-Everything":[16],"(V2X)":[17],"applications.":[18,246],"An":[19],"extended":[20,62,198],"4":[21,23,163,191],"\u00d7":[22,190],"Butler":[24,63,86,113,140,199],"matrix":[25,64,87,114,141],"topology":[26],"based":[27,96,186],"on":[28,97,187],"digital":[29,39],"phase":[30,42,54,67,108],"shifters":[31],"(PSs)":[32],"proposed":[34,112,139,183,225],"the":[36,45,61,74,77,104,111,121,134,148,153,157,171,176,197,224,237,240],"relationship":[37],"between":[38],"PSs":[40,95],"differences":[43,68],"of":[44,76,89,106,123,136,175,214,239],"sequenced":[46],"ports":[47],"are":[48,207],"derived":[49,59],"discussed":[51],"arbitrary":[53],"difference":[55],"couplers.":[56],"With":[57],"these":[58],"equations,":[60],"more":[66],"can":[69,232],"be":[70,233],"achieved":[71],"by":[72,84,196],"changing":[73],"value":[75],"PSs.":[78],"The":[79,138],"design":[80,122],"concept":[81],"demonstrated":[83],"composed":[88],"four":[90,94],"transformer-based":[91],"couplers":[92,124],"open-/short-circuit":[98],"microstrip":[99],"line-loaded":[100],"slotline.":[101],"Due":[102],"to":[103,129,162],"avoidance":[105],"additional":[107],"shifting":[109],"structures,":[110],"very":[117],"compact.":[118],"addition,":[120],"no":[126],"longer":[127],"limited":[128],"90\u00b0":[130],"couplers,":[131],"which":[132],"improves":[133],"flexibility":[135],"design.":[137],"then":[143],"fabricated":[144],"tested,":[146],"measured":[149],"results":[150,155],"agree":[151],"simulated":[154],"within":[156],"operating":[158],"band":[159],"from":[160],"3":[161],"GHz,":[164],"i.e.,":[165],"28.6%":[166],"in":[167],"fraction.":[168],"To":[169],"illustrate":[170],"enhanced":[172],"beam":[173],"controllability":[174],"design,":[177],"system":[180,243],"further":[182],"developed":[185],"1":[189],"patch":[192],"array":[194],"fed":[195],"matrix.":[200],"As":[201,221],"experimentally":[202],"confirmed,":[203],"16":[204],"switchable":[205],"beams":[206],"realized":[208],"an":[210],"equivalent":[211],"half-power":[212],"beamwidth":[213],"98\u00b0":[215],"widened":[218],"spatial":[219],"coverage.":[220],"result,":[223],"has":[228],"been":[229],"confirmed":[230],"potentially":[234],"employed":[235],"miniaturization":[238],"whole":[241],"communication":[242],"vehicular":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-25T06:16:34.145877","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}