{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413785904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3603952","title":"A GNN-Based Distributed Beamforming Design for MIMO Cell-Free ISAC Networks","display_name":"A GNN-Based Distributed Beamforming Design for MIMO Cell-Free ISAC Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413785904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3603952"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3603952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3603952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021120063","display_name":"Yanan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8586-2336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8586-2336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044488024","display_name":"Sai Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5581-9564"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sai Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5581-9564","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012861792","display_name":"Gaojie Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2978-0365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaojie Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Flexible Electronics and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China","School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2978-0365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Flexible Electronics and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) & State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100436731","display_name":"Jie Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0690"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100453","display_name":"AMS (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/013acqk67","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154481106","https://openalex.org/I4210100453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D Department, Cambridge AI+ Ltd., Cambridge, U.K","Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3354-0690","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D Department, Cambridge AI+ Ltd., Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18609129,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"2","first_page":"3294","last_page":"3299"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8011952638626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.776188850402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5386002659797668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4520738124847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3g-mimo","display_name":"3G MIMO","score":0.4230976700782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3517630398273468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2953410744667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.26816290616989136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8011952638626099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.776188850402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5386002659797668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4520738124847412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165650700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4636347","display_name":"3G MIMO","level":4,"score":0.4230976700782776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3517630398273468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2953410744667053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.26816290616989136}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3603952","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3603952","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997188340","https://openalex.org/W3005072086","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3119152637","https://openalex.org/W3200820186","https://openalex.org/W4226212088","https://openalex.org/W4322576964","https://openalex.org/W4385194743","https://openalex.org/W4385517010","https://openalex.org/W4385945769","https://openalex.org/W4387935022","https://openalex.org/W4388936657","https://openalex.org/W4396523493","https://openalex.org/W4399110229","https://openalex.org/W4399206800","https://openalex.org/W4401326773","https://openalex.org/W4404035732","https://openalex.org/W4404132916","https://openalex.org/W4405907057","https://openalex.org/W4407693977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W4200145345","https://openalex.org/W2112785353","https://openalex.org/W2941374357","https://openalex.org/W1561113522","https://openalex.org/W1495906304","https://openalex.org/W2935871810","https://openalex.org/W1993205288","https://openalex.org/W2529849760","https://openalex.org/W4254169510"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"correspondence":[1],"proposes":[2],"an":[3],"integrated":[4],"sensing":[5,15,60],"and":[6,39,61,92],"communication":[7,22,62],"(ISAC)":[8],"network":[9,90],"architecture,":[10],"designed":[11],"to":[12],"realize":[13],"extra":[14],"capability":[16],"over":[17],"multiple-input":[18],"multipleoutput":[19],"(MIMO)":[20],"cell-free":[21],"networks.":[23],"In":[24],"the":[25,42,49,68,85,88,94,98],"system,":[26],"homogeneous":[27],"base":[28],"stations":[29],"(BSs)":[30],"equipped":[31],"with":[32],"dual-function":[33],"radar-communication":[34],"transmitters":[35],"coherently":[36],"serve":[37],"users":[38],"targets,":[40],"while":[41],"radar":[43],"receiver":[44],"is":[45,64,74],"situated":[46],"separately":[47],"from":[48],"BSs.":[50],"Based":[51],"on":[52],"this,":[53],"a":[54,70],"multi-objective":[55],"optimization":[56,72,100],"problem":[57],"for":[58],"joint":[59],"design":[63],"formulated.":[65],"To":[66],"address":[67],"problem,":[69],"graph-based":[71,99],"algorithm":[73],"developed,":[75],"enabling":[76],"distributed":[77],"beamforming":[78],"at":[79],"each":[80],"BS.":[81],"Simulation":[82],"results":[83],"validate":[84],"feasibility":[86],"of":[87,97],"proposed":[89],"architecture":[91],"demonstrate":[93],"performance":[95],"advantages":[96],"algorithm.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}