{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413157207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3598113","title":"Vehicular Communication Security: Multi-Channel and Multi-Factor Authentication","display_name":"Vehicular Communication Security: Multi-Channel and Multi-Factor Authentication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413157207","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3598113"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3598113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3598113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026192853","display_name":"Marco De Vincenzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-2936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131109","display_name":"Institute of Dermatology","ror":"https://ror.org/02j6cz137","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1315836254","https://openalex.org/I4210131109"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["TH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco De Vincenzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["AUTO-ID Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","AUTO-ID Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Polytechnic School of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2706-2936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AUTO-ID Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"AUTO-ID Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the Polytechnic School of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131109"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025536307","display_name":"Shuyang Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1486-2029"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146410","display_name":"Science Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/04j8yhy50","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuyang Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3LZ, Oxford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1486-2029","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, OX1 3LZ, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I4210146410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374160","display_name":"Chen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0939-4352"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Bo Calvin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101868432","display_name":"Manuel Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-7314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA","Polytechnic School of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shaozu Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0720-176X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaozu Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA","Polytechnic School of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0720-176X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074423047","display_name":"Chiara Bodei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0586-9333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","display_name":"University of Pisa","ror":"https://ror.org/03ad39j10","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chiara Bodei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084346541","display_name":"Ilaria Matteucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-8470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130157","display_name":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics","ror":"https://ror.org/02gdcn153","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria Matteucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics and Telematics, Pisa, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5936-8470","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics and Telematics, Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019788273","display_name":"Sanjay E. Sarma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-039X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay E. Sarma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2812-039X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053373823","display_name":"Dajiang Suo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3748-6115"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dajiang Suo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA","Polytechnic School of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3748-6115","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Polytechnic School of the Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66109499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"2","first_page":"1779","last_page":"1792"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9783999919891357,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9531999826431274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5739986300468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5596200227737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.48787975311279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.47305431962013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-factor-authentication","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","score":0.4527932405471802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.43960943818092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.2828587293624878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5739986300468445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5596200227737427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.48787975311279297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.47305431962013245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194699767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7878662","display_name":"Multi-factor authentication","level":4,"score":0.4527932405471802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.43960943818092346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.2828587293624878}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3598113","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3598113","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arpi.unipi.it:11568/1328687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/11123165","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196265","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I108290504","host_organization_name":"University of Pisa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108290504"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2912135041","https://openalex.org/W2363363251","https://openalex.org/W4309172146","https://openalex.org/W4238865314","https://openalex.org/W4291701200","https://openalex.org/W2784315464","https://openalex.org/W4391429007","https://openalex.org/W192327621","https://openalex.org/W3000652178","https://openalex.org/W4324137616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Secure":[0],"and":[1,22,43,81,123,131,171,176],"reliable":[2],"communications":[3],"are":[4],"crucial":[5],"for":[6,149,179],"Intelligent":[7],"Transportation":[8],"Systems":[9],"(ITSs),":[10],"where":[11],"Vehicle-to-Infrastructure":[12],"(V2I)":[13],"communication":[14],"plays":[15],"a":[16,52,65,73,88,161],"key":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19],"enabling":[20,164],"mobility-enhancing":[21],"safety-critical":[23],"services.":[24],"Current":[25],"V2I":[26],"authentication":[27],"relies":[28],"on":[29,98,139],"credential-based":[30],"methods":[31],"over":[32],"wireless":[33],"Non-Line-of-Sight":[34],"(NLOS)":[35],"channels,":[36],"leaving":[37],"them":[38],"exposed":[39],"to":[40,107],"remote":[41],"impersonation":[42],"proximity":[44],"attacks.":[45],"To":[46],"mitigate":[47],"these":[48],"risks,":[49],"we":[50,135],"propose":[51],"unified":[53],"Multi-Channel,":[54],"Multi-Factor":[55],"Authentication":[56],"(MFA)":[57],"scheme":[58],"that":[59,156],"combines":[60],"NLOS":[61],"cryptographic":[62],"credentials":[63],"with":[64],"Line-of-Sight":[66],"(LOS)":[67],"visual":[68],"channel.":[69],"Our":[70,153],"approach":[71],"leverages":[72],"challenge-response":[74],"security":[75,93],"paradigm:":[76],"the":[77,82,99,104,109,157,168],"infrastructure":[78,100],"issues":[79],"\u201cchallenges\u201d":[80],"vehicle's":[83],"headlights":[84],"respond":[85],"by":[86],"flashing":[87,151,169],"structured":[89],"sequence":[90,170],"containing":[91],"encoded":[92],"data.":[94],"Deep":[95],"learning":[96,143],"models":[97],"side":[101],"then":[102],"decode":[103],"embedded":[105],"information":[106],"authenticate":[108],"vehicle.":[110],"Real-world":[111],"experimental":[112],"evaluations":[113],"demonstrate":[114],"high":[115],"test":[116],"accuracy,":[117],"reaching":[118],"an":[119],"average":[120],"of":[121,167,173],"95%":[122],"96.6%,":[124],"respectively,":[125],"under":[126],"various":[127],"lighting,":[128],"weather,":[129],"speed,":[130],"distance":[132],"conditions.":[133],"Additionally,":[134],"conducted":[136],"extensive":[137],"experiments":[138],"three":[140],"state-of-the-art":[141],"deep":[142],"models,":[144],"including":[145],"detailed":[146],"ablation":[147],"studies":[148],"decoding":[150,166],"sequence.":[152],"results":[154],"indicate":[155],"optimal":[158],"architecture":[159],"employs":[160],"dual-channel":[162],"design,":[163],"simultaneous":[165],"extraction":[172],"vehicle":[174],"spatial":[175],"locational":[177],"features":[178],"robust":[180],"authentication.":[181]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}