{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412623624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3592638","title":"Energy-Efficient Mechanical Beam Scanning for mmWave Systems With Over-the-Air Modulation","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Mechanical Beam Scanning for mmWave Systems With Over-the-Air Modulation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412623624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3592638"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3592638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3592638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shihan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5735-2926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shihan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5735-2926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shuai Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0203-5552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0203-5552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389005","display_name":"Wei Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of AI and the Internet of Things, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathmatical Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","Chair of AI and the Internet of Things, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathmatical Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of AI and the Internet of Things, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathmatical Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of AI and the Internet of Things, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathmatical Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109431664","display_name":"Erry Gunawan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erry Gunawan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078286204","display_name":"Jienan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1265-0775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jienan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1265-0775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.10983409,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"75","issue":"1","first_page":"769","last_page":"781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.968500018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5505953431129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam","display_name":"Beam (structure)","score":0.5139376521110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4749455749988556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.44588837027549744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-modulation","display_name":"Frequency modulation","score":0.4429856836795807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.41996920108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.3754783570766449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.35612645745277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3064449429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.2695015072822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.23665422201156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.17106428742408752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5505953431129456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168834538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3705329","display_name":"Beam (structure)","level":2,"score":0.5139376521110535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4749455749988556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.44588837027549744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11930861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181417","display_name":"Frequency modulation","level":3,"score":0.4429856836795807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.41996920108795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.3754783570766449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35612645745277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3064449429512024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.2695015072822571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23665422201156616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.17106428742408752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3592638","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3592638","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4015297937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62331009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W2000223272","https://openalex.org/W2031858701","https://openalex.org/W2342863993","https://openalex.org/W2645161951","https://openalex.org/W2757012997","https://openalex.org/W2771579582","https://openalex.org/W2802405741","https://openalex.org/W2805657678","https://openalex.org/W2807133510","https://openalex.org/W2876820033","https://openalex.org/W2899529562","https://openalex.org/W2909794597","https://openalex.org/W2962684926","https://openalex.org/W2962785465","https://openalex.org/W2963933750","https://openalex.org/W2967616249","https://openalex.org/W2981992764","https://openalex.org/W2994483724","https://openalex.org/W2997649618","https://openalex.org/W3038047043","https://openalex.org/W3081844052","https://openalex.org/W3094740019","https://openalex.org/W3102045031","https://openalex.org/W3113229799","https://openalex.org/W3126450657","https://openalex.org/W4226110397","https://openalex.org/W4281262252","https://openalex.org/W4386378229"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387474130","https://openalex.org/W2004723848","https://openalex.org/W2086788376","https://openalex.org/W2093157008","https://openalex.org/W1518527075","https://openalex.org/W2162174235","https://openalex.org/W2054254129","https://openalex.org/W2143773860","https://openalex.org/W2068642629","https://openalex.org/W2012415775"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"an":[1,87],"over-the-air":[2],"modulation":[3,38],"(OTAM)":[4],"technique":[5],"has":[6],"been":[7],"proposed,":[8],"which":[9,85,176],"utilizes":[10],"differences":[11],"in":[12],"channel":[13],"attenuation":[14,22],"to":[15,100,109,128,155],"achieve":[16],"signal":[17],"modulation,":[18],"rather":[19],"than":[20,183],"viewing":[21],"merely":[23],"as":[24,159],"a":[25,41,79,119,142,169],"detrimental":[26],"effect.":[27],"OTAM-based":[28,49],"systems":[29,50],"eliminate":[30],"the":[31,53,90,97,125,138,144,156,173],"requirement":[32],"for":[33,68],"radio":[34],"frequency":[35],"chains":[36],"and":[37,65,133,137,151,167,180],"components,":[39],"enabling":[40],"low-cost,":[42],"low-power":[43],"millimeter-wave":[44],"(mmWave)":[45],"communication":[46],"approach.":[47],"However,":[48],"suffer":[51],"from":[52],"low":[54],"energy":[55,181],"efficiency":[56,153,182],"of":[57,62,89,172],"wide":[58],"beams,":[59,64],"potential":[60],"misalignment":[61],"fixed-directional":[63],"inadequate":[66],"support":[67,129],"multiple":[69],"nodes.":[70],"To":[71],"address":[72],"these":[73],"fundamental":[74],"challenges,":[75],"this":[76],"paper":[77],"proposes":[78],"mechanical-beamscanning":[80],"OTAM":[81,92,157],"mmWave":[82,185],"(MOM)":[83],"system,":[84,158,175],"is":[86],"extension":[88],"conventional":[91],"framework.":[93],"Firstly,":[94],"we":[95,106,117,165],"redesign":[96],"antenna":[98],"pattern":[99],"obtain":[101],"high-gain":[102],"narrow":[103],"beams.":[104],"Secondly,":[105],"enable":[107],"nodes":[108,136],"steer":[110],"beam":[111,131],"direction":[112],"by":[113],"mechanical":[114],"devices.":[115],"Thirdly,":[116],"develop":[118],"multi-node":[120],"access":[121,126,139,152],"mechanism":[122],"that":[123],"adapts":[124],"strategy":[127],"joint":[130],"scanning":[132],"alignment":[134],"between":[135],"point.":[140],"As":[141],"result,":[143],"MOM":[145,174],"system":[146],"exhibits":[147],"superior":[148],"transmission":[149],"performance":[150],"compared":[154],"validated":[160],"through":[161],"extensive":[162],"experiments.":[163],"Furthermore,":[164],"built":[166],"tested":[168],"hardware":[170],"prototype":[171],"achieved":[177],"higher":[178],"cost":[179],"other":[184],"systems.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-19T07:52:34.831488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}