{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412445408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3588204","title":"Privacy-Preserving Task Offloading in Vehicular Edge Computing Using Federated Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Task Offloading in Vehicular Edge Computing Using Federated Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412445408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3588204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3588204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3588204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067299655","display_name":"Peiying Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-5581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiying Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0990-5581","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104300369","display_name":"Enqi Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enqi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qingdao Institute of Software, College of Computer Science and Technology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Maher Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3437-7606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maher Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, USA","Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Texas Arlington, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3437-7606","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Texas Arlington, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kai Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7331-4727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7331-4727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696824","display_name":"Jian Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4316-932X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162190","display_name":"China University of Petroleum, East China","ror":"https://ror.org/05gbn2817","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4316-932X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Science, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162190"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003744456","display_name":"Lizhuang Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6826-4596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152269853","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152269853"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142748","display_name":"Shandong Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04y8d6y55","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lizhuang Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China","Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6826-4596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Ministry of Education, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Computing Power Network and Information Security, Ministry of Education, Shandong Computer Science Center (National Supercomputer Center in Jinan), Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152269853","https://openalex.org/I4210142748"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5288,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96859252,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"12","first_page":"19642","last_page":"19654"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9584000110626221,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7940158843994141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7064321637153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.6542210578918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5979252457618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.45686787366867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4548237919807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.4299848973751068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.4287105202674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.38548851013183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.35425853729248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.33710336685180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3192936182022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.30841559171676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1985023021697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.1716841757297516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15087160468101501}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7940158843994141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7064321637153625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6542210578918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5979252457618713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.45686787366867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4548237919807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.4299848973751068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.4287105202674866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.38548851013183594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.35425853729248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.33710336685180664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3192936182022095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.30841559171676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1985023021697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.1716841757297516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15087160468101501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3588204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3588204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1243207644","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2023LZH017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1778221256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023QF025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3197070415","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471493","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G474150285","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402257","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4748109689","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023ZD010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328720","funder_display_name":"Qilu University of Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8308229654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2024MF066","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312071","display_name":"Ministry of Education, Libya","ror":"https://ror.org/02w030k33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328720","display_name":"Qilu University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04hyzq608"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2786307928","https://openalex.org/W2805768997","https://openalex.org/W2883059862","https://openalex.org/W2886579803","https://openalex.org/W2888816167","https://openalex.org/W2911692934","https://openalex.org/W2963318081","https://openalex.org/W2963354108","https://openalex.org/W2967734072","https://openalex.org/W2968424451","https://openalex.org/W2972670127","https://openalex.org/W3004417498","https://openalex.org/W3040779716","https://openalex.org/W3080425979","https://openalex.org/W3088084782","https://openalex.org/W3101755493","https://openalex.org/W3111889510","https://openalex.org/W3138709861","https://openalex.org/W3158350046","https://openalex.org/W3202920624","https://openalex.org/W4206669594","https://openalex.org/W4286490622","https://openalex.org/W4308736131","https://openalex.org/W4309223941","https://openalex.org/W4361282702","https://openalex.org/W4379054292","https://openalex.org/W4386885106"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W4362501864","https://openalex.org/W4380318855","https://openalex.org/W3084456289","https://openalex.org/W4324372666","https://openalex.org/W4225706866","https://openalex.org/W2914646191","https://openalex.org/W3023564924","https://openalex.org/W2942586735"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"edge":[1],"computing":[2],"(VEC)":[3],"systems":[4,141],"face":[5],"critical":[6],"challenges":[7],"in":[8,33,142],"balancing":[9],"computational":[10],"efficiency,":[11,136],"task":[12,31,46,77,107],"delay,":[13,79],"and":[14,56,82,109,114,137],"data":[15,62,123],"privacy.":[16,124],"This":[17],"paper":[18],"presents":[19],"a":[20,86],"Federated":[21],"MultiAgent":[22],"Deep":[23],"Reinforcement":[24],"Learning":[25],"(FMADRL)":[26],"framework":[27,103],"to":[28,43,75,118,132],"achieve":[29],"privacy-preserving":[30],"offloading":[32,47],"dynamic":[34,94],"vehicular":[35],"networks.":[36,145],"The":[37],"proposed":[38],"method":[39],"leverages":[40],"federated":[41,87],"learning":[42],"collaboratively":[44],"train":[45],"policies":[48],"across":[49],"vehicles,":[50],"Mobile":[51],"Edge":[52],"Computing":[53],"(MEC)":[54],"servers,":[55],"the":[57,101,128,134],"cloud,":[58],"ensuring":[59],"that":[60,100],"sensitive":[61],"remains":[63],"localized":[64],"while":[65,85,121],"enabling":[66],"global":[67],"optimization.":[68],"A":[69],"novel":[70],"reward":[71],"function":[72],"is":[73],"designed":[74],"balance":[76],"completion,":[78],"energy":[80,110],"consumption,":[81],"privacy":[83],"constraints,":[84],"actor-critic":[88],"model":[89],"ensures":[90],"robust":[91],"decision-making":[92],"under":[93],"network":[95],"conditions.":[96],"Simulation":[97],"results":[98],"demonstrate":[99],"FMADRL":[102,131],"significantly":[104],"reduces":[105],"average":[106],"delay":[108],"consumption":[111],"by":[112],"30%":[113],"25%,":[115],"respectively,":[116],"compared":[117],"traditional":[119],"methods,":[120],"maintaining":[122],"These":[125],"findings":[126],"underscore":[127],"potential":[129],"of":[130,139],"enhance":[133],"scalability,":[135],"security":[138],"VEC":[140],"intelligent":[143],"transportation":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
