{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411949777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3584827","title":"Field-Trained Neural Network-Based Angle-of-Arrival Estimation for Air-to-Ground Channel Measurements","display_name":"Field-Trained Neural Network-Based Angle-of-Arrival Estimation for Air-to-Ground Channel Measurements","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411949777","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3584827"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3584827","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3584827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113408884","display_name":"T. T. Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-8464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taiya Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2018-8464","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082333178","display_name":"Qiuming Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-5970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuming Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-5970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041881347","display_name":"Hao Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6757-4231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200845125","display_name":"Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02y0rxk19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6757-4231","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200845125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101718570","display_name":"Yuxin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3007-3705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055895651","display_name":"Kai Mao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-0520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Mao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6039-0520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391629","display_name":"Xiaomin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9052-665X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9052-665X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045149148","display_name":"Boyu Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-0476"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyu Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1796-0476","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088132719","display_name":"Zhipeng Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-2163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhipeng Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5941-2163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.814,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96524852,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"12","first_page":"19070","last_page":"19082"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11489","display_name":"Air Traffic Management and Optimization","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9886000156402588,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12024","display_name":"Ultra-Wideband Communications Technology","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.617506742477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/angle-of-arrival","display_name":"Angle of arrival","score":0.5875225067138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5829761624336243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4472528100013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3809989094734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.37569528818130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3684971332550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3633137345314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3311734199523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.27898693084716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16383203864097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14821654558181763}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.617506742477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13545353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4763363","display_name":"Angle of arrival","level":3,"score":0.5875225067138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5829761624336243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4472528100013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3809989094734192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.37569528818130493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3684971332550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3633137345314026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3311734199523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.27898693084716797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16383203864097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14821654558181763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3584827","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3584827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1956227882","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23B2005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4528712221","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271250","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975567506","https://openalex.org/W2054156589","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2123930706","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2135647798","https://openalex.org/W2546708090","https://openalex.org/W2580241428","https://openalex.org/W2608889214","https://openalex.org/W2893648433","https://openalex.org/W2897361856","https://openalex.org/W2912626650","https://openalex.org/W2924713284","https://openalex.org/W2963638537","https://openalex.org/W2965660127","https://openalex.org/W3023100036","https://openalex.org/W3036299681","https://openalex.org/W3037051439","https://openalex.org/W3046837142","https://openalex.org/W3082390981","https://openalex.org/W3093929720","https://openalex.org/W3117646619","https://openalex.org/W3195746043","https://openalex.org/W3198822726","https://openalex.org/W4210337926","https://openalex.org/W4290716746","https://openalex.org/W4290716928","https://openalex.org/W4293057305","https://openalex.org/W4312653686","https://openalex.org/W4313004422","https://openalex.org/W4313291254","https://openalex.org/W4313547892","https://openalex.org/W4323896650","https://openalex.org/W4362683579","https://openalex.org/W4365790520","https://openalex.org/W4375929136","https://openalex.org/W4385627151","https://openalex.org/W4386536163","https://openalex.org/W4387952035","https://openalex.org/W4400275490","https://openalex.org/W4400277777","https://openalex.org/W4400447267","https://openalex.org/W4400809925","https://openalex.org/W4401163973","https://openalex.org/W4401325811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545735024","https://openalex.org/W2539931258","https://openalex.org/W2124375045","https://openalex.org/W1486592414","https://openalex.org/W2914452281","https://openalex.org/W4252083369","https://openalex.org/W2549315536","https://openalex.org/W2009411769","https://openalex.org/W3112150295","https://openalex.org/W4309156329"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicle":[2],"(UAV)":[3],"are":[4,166],"a":[5,30,40,54,81,149,157],"key":[6],"platform":[7],"in":[8,97,107,142,156,167,220],"the":[9,17,22,63,72,77,88,93,98,102,108,119,124,129,146,171,177,184,198],"sixth":[10],"generation":[11],"(6G)":[12],"communication":[13,25],"networks,":[14],"which":[15],"has":[16],"ability":[18],"to":[19,61,123],"significantly":[20],"enhance":[21],"connectivity":[23,219],"and":[24,32,86,118,137,174,179,193,217,222],"efficiency.":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"proposes":[29],"robust":[31,195],"efficient":[33,192,218],"angle-of-arrival":[34],"(AoA)":[35],"estimation":[36,141,187,204],"method":[37,188,205],"based":[38],"on":[39],"field-trained":[41,186],"neural":[42],"network":[43],"(NN)":[44],"for":[45,134,176,209],"air-to-ground":[46],"(A2G)":[47],"channel":[48,57,65,150,212],"measurement":[49,151,172],"applications.":[50],"In":[51,182],"this":[52],"method,":[53,148],"real-time":[55,99],"UAV":[56],"sounder":[58],"is":[59,104,132,153,189,206],"utilized":[60],"obtain":[62],"complex":[64,78,223],"impulse":[66],"response":[67],"(CIR).":[68],"Firstly,":[69],"we":[70],"identify":[71],"line-of-sight":[73],"(LoS)":[74],"path":[75,90,116],"from":[76],"CIR":[79],"via":[80],"random":[82],"forest":[83],"(RF)":[84],"classifier":[85],"calculate":[87],"LoS":[89,115,136,178],"phase":[91,117],"as":[92],"input":[94],"data":[95,173],"set":[96],"stage.":[100],"Then":[101],"NN":[103,131],"pre-trained":[105,130],"quickly":[106],"field":[109],"by":[110],"each":[111],"receiving":[112],"antenna":[113],"element's":[114],"corresponding":[120],"AoAs":[121],"according":[122],"locations":[125],"of":[126],"transceivers.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"used":[133],"high-efficient":[135],"non-LoS":[138],"(NLoS)":[139],"AoA":[140],"real-time.":[143],"To":[144],"validate":[145],"proposed":[147,185,202],"campaign":[152],"carried":[154],"out":[155],"campus":[158],"scenario":[159],"at":[160],"3.6":[161],"GHz.":[162],"The":[163,201],"estimated":[164],"results":[165],"good":[168],"agreements":[169],"with":[170,197],"theoretical":[175],"NLoS":[180],"cases.":[181],"addition,":[183],"more":[190,194,215],"computationally":[191],"compared":[196],"traditional":[199],"methods.":[200],"angle":[203],"also":[207],"valuable":[208],"future":[210],"A2G":[211],"measurement,":[213],"enabling":[214],"reliable":[216],"dynamic":[221],"environments.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}