{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411600920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3580859","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Energy Efficiency Maximization in RSMA-IRS-Assisted ISAC System","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Energy Efficiency Maximization in RSMA-IRS-Assisted ISAC System","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411600920","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3580859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3580859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3580859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058285852","display_name":"Zhangfeng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0044-7710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206324368","display_name":"Shaoyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03fx09x73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206324368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhangfeng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory of Informational Service for Rural Area of Southwestern Hunan, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory of Informational Service for Rural Area of Southwestern Hunan, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206324368"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049587970","display_name":"Ruichen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-3645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruichen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620739","display_name":"Bo Ai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6850-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048006235","display_name":"Zhuxian Lian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0865-2615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096899","display_name":"Jiangsu University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00tyjp878","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuxian Lian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ocean College, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ocean College, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060327945","display_name":"Linzhou Zeng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2344-8927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100286613","display_name":"Hunan Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/044ysd349","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100286613"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linzhou Zeng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100286613"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102514133","display_name":"Yifei Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3781-1242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206324368","display_name":"Shaoyang University","ror":"https://ror.org/03fx09x73","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206324368"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yifei Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory of Informational Service for Rural Area of Southwestern Hunan, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Provincial Key Laboratory of Informational Service for Rural Area of Southwestern Hunan, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206324368"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058285852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206324368"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":75.2548,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":50,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99974152,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"11","first_page":"18273","last_page":"18278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.8934000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.8934000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.8666999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.8579000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7310846447944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.6124386787414551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5512955784797668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.47444140911102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2549309730529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.20928341150283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.1898835003376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1884804368019104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7310846447944641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.6124386787414551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5512955784797668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.47444140911102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2549309730529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.20928341150283813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.1898835003376007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1884804368019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3580859","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3580859","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G263045944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62401371","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4108594112","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"23B0713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333642","funder_display_name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5649840156","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24B0603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333642","funder_display_name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9050400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22A0530","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333642","funder_display_name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333642","display_name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Hunan Provincial Education Department","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210742442","https://openalex.org/W4233578038","https://openalex.org/W4297736973","https://openalex.org/W4318586180","https://openalex.org/W4319302773","https://openalex.org/W4319302984","https://openalex.org/W4376851238","https://openalex.org/W4380519972","https://openalex.org/W4387717696","https://openalex.org/W4390938599","https://openalex.org/W4393253163","https://openalex.org/W4396506525","https://openalex.org/W4402810741","https://openalex.org/W4404035596","https://openalex.org/W4404952423","https://openalex.org/W4405361341","https://openalex.org/W4406345379","https://openalex.org/W4406457755","https://openalex.org/W4407351695","https://openalex.org/W4409153964","https://openalex.org/W4409426710"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2138720691","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,108],"combination":[1],"of":[2,46,110,131],"rate":[3],"splitting":[4],"multiple":[5],"access":[6],"(RSMA)":[7],"and":[8,11,105],"integrated":[9],"sensing":[10,157],"communication":[12],"(ISAC)":[13],"has":[14],"recently":[15],"played":[16],"a":[17,54,64],"constructive":[18],"role":[19],"in":[20,29],"various":[21],"emerging":[22],"applications":[23],"associated":[24],"with":[25,80],"sixth-generation":[26],"networks.":[27],"However,":[28],"complex":[30],"urban":[31],"environments,":[32],"the":[33,44,60,76,84,116,122,136,155],"network":[34],"performance":[35],"may":[36,150],"be":[37],"severely":[38],"restricted":[39],"by":[40],"transmission":[41],"blockages.":[42],"With":[43],"help":[45],"intelligent":[47],"reflecting":[48],"surfaces":[49],"(IRS),":[50],"this":[51],"paper":[52],"leverages":[53],"virtual":[55],"line-of-sight":[56],"link":[57,158],"to":[58,74,97],"guarantee":[59],"qualityof-service":[61],"(QoS).":[62],"First,":[63],"three-dimensional":[65],"(3D)":[66],"geometry-based":[67],"stochastic":[68],"channel":[69,86],"model":[70],"(GBSM)":[71],"is":[72,118,134],"developed":[73],"characterize":[75],"IRS-empowered":[77],"ISAC":[78],"networks":[79],"RSMA.":[81],"Based":[82],"on":[83,115],"proposed":[85],"model,":[87],"we":[88],"formulate":[89],"an":[90],"energy":[91],"efficiency":[92],"(EE)":[93],"maximization":[94],"problem,":[95],"subject":[96],"transceiver":[98],"beamforming":[99],"constraints,":[100,104],"IRS":[101],"phase":[102],"shift":[103],"QoS":[106],"constraints.":[107],"impact":[109],"some":[111],"important":[112],"system":[113,137],"parameters":[114],"EE":[117,138],"numerically":[119],"investigated":[120],"using":[121],"proximal":[123],"policy":[124],"optimization":[125],"(PPO)":[126],"method.":[127],"One":[128],"key":[129],"observation":[130],"our":[132],"results":[133],"that":[135],"degrades":[139],"significantly":[140],"at":[141],"higher":[142],"frequencies":[143],"even":[144],"for":[145,154],"double-Rayleigh":[146],"fading":[147],"channels,":[148],"which":[149],"make":[151],"it":[152],"difficult":[153],"subsequent":[156],"establishment.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":35}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}