{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410852707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3573711","title":"Advancing Ultra-Reliable 6G: Transformer and Semantic Localization Empowered Robust Beamforming in Millimeter-Wave Communications","display_name":"Advancing Ultra-Reliable 6G: Transformer and Semantic Localization Empowered Robust Beamforming in Millimeter-Wave Communications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410852707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3573711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3573711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3573711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046015188","display_name":"Avi Deb Raha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-1214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avi Deb Raha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-1214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100685794","display_name":"Ki Tae Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5692-1189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kitae Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5692-1189","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021511574","display_name":"Apurba Adhikary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3970-1878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apurba Adhikary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3970-1878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088612895","display_name":"Mrityunjoy Gain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1771-0100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mrityunjoy Gain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1771-0100","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034052371","display_name":"Choong Seon Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-7333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Choong Seon Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-7333","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Computing, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":32.9233,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99558459,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"10","first_page":"16152","last_page":"16168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11946","display_name":"Antenna Design and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.6776113510131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.666863203048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5041357278823853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.4989137649536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.471591591835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.42067793011665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3785064220428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3210769295692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.309052437543869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.12391164898872375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.6776113510131836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.666863203048706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5041357278823853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.4989137649536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.471591591835022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.42067793011665344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3785064220428467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3210769295692444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.309052437543869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.12391164898872375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3573711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3573711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3318615560","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2023-00266615","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321332","funder_display_name":"Kyung Hee University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3872958509","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RS-2022-00155911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G760402420","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2023(2023)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321332","funder_display_name":"Kyung Hee University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321332","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1737664362","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2870675286","https://openalex.org/W2889985731","https://openalex.org/W2911794478","https://openalex.org/W3039059058","https://openalex.org/W3043521615","https://openalex.org/W3113050802","https://openalex.org/W3194668692","https://openalex.org/W3212407382","https://openalex.org/W3213045530","https://openalex.org/W4313000817","https://openalex.org/W4316021917","https://openalex.org/W4378696931","https://openalex.org/W4379382376","https://openalex.org/W4381744939","https://openalex.org/W4381745001","https://openalex.org/W4381802353","https://openalex.org/W4383112881","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4387869945","https://openalex.org/W4387870868","https://openalex.org/W4389692259","https://openalex.org/W4390874575","https://openalex.org/W4391547852","https://openalex.org/W4391559592","https://openalex.org/W4391936179","https://openalex.org/W4392309133","https://openalex.org/W4393028603","https://openalex.org/W4394564297","https://openalex.org/W4399485365","https://openalex.org/W4400237989","https://openalex.org/W4404952764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963170046","https://openalex.org/W2376244802","https://openalex.org/W1971477554","https://openalex.org/W2158075901","https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2923631784","https://openalex.org/W2130785056","https://openalex.org/W2567141277","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2727286692"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advancements":[0],"in":[1,47,80,264],"6":[2],"G":[3],"wireless":[4],"technology":[5],"have":[6,232],"elevated":[7],"the":[8,74,119,130,135,142,153,161,196,221,237,240,244,249,265],"importance":[9],"of":[10,68,78,239],"beamforming,":[11],"especially":[12],"for":[13,88],"attaining":[14],"ultra-high":[15],"data":[16,115,191],"rates":[17],"via":[18],"millimeter-wave":[19],"(mmWave)":[20],"frequency":[21],"deployment.":[22],"Although":[23],"promising,":[24],"mmWave":[25],"bands":[26],"require":[27],"substantial":[28],"beam":[29,49,137,162,205,257],"training":[30,50],"to":[31,56,58,64,98,112,193,235],"achieve":[32],"precise":[33],"beamforming.":[34],"While":[35],"initial":[36],"deep":[37],"learning":[38],"models":[39],"that":[40,151,172,248],"use":[41],"RGB":[42],"camera":[43],"images":[44],"demonstrated":[45],"promise":[46],"reducing":[48],"overhead,":[51],"their":[52],"performance":[53],"suffers":[54],"due":[55],"sensitivity":[57],"lighting":[59],"and":[60,76,134,156,203,224,262],"environmental":[61,104],"variations.":[62],"Due":[63],"this":[65],"sensitivity,":[66],"Quality":[67],"Service":[69],"(QoS)":[70],"fluctuates,":[71],"eventually":[72],"affecting":[73],"stability":[75],"dependability":[77],"networks":[79],"dynamic":[81],"environments.":[82],"This":[83,91,186],"emphasizes":[84],"a":[85,94,148,167,174,178,182,212],"critical":[86],"need":[87],"robust":[89,95],"solutions.":[90],"paper":[92],"proposes":[93],"beamforming":[96],"technique":[97],"ensure":[99],"consistent":[100],"QoS":[101],"under":[102],"varying":[103],"conditions.":[105],"An":[106],"optimization":[107,122],"problem":[108,133],"has":[109,226],"been":[110,227,233],"formulated":[111,120],"maximize":[113],"users'":[114],"rates.":[116],"To":[117,140,159,209],"solve":[118,141,160],"NP-hard":[121],"problem,":[123,145,164],"we":[124,146,165],"decompose":[125],"it":[126],"into":[127],"two":[128],"subproblems:":[129],"semantic":[131,143],"localization":[132,144],"optimal":[136,197],"selection":[138,163],"problem.":[139],"propose":[147,166],"novel":[149,168,213],"method":[150],"leverages":[152],"K-means":[154],"clustering":[155],"YOLOv8":[157],"model.":[158,242],"lightweight":[169,175],"hybrid":[170,187],"architecture":[171,180,188],"combines":[173,219],"transformer":[176],"with":[177],"CNN":[179],"through":[181],"weighted":[183],"entropy":[184],"mechanism.":[185],"utilizes":[189],"multimodal":[190],"sources":[192],"dynamically":[194],"predict":[195],"beams.":[198],"For":[199],"maintaining":[200],"QoS,":[201],"rapid":[202],"accurate":[204],"predictions":[206],"are":[207],"needed.":[208],"quantify":[210],"this,":[211],"metric,":[214],"Accuracy-Complexity":[215],"Efficiency":[216],"(ACE),":[217],"which":[218],"both":[220],"model":[222,251],"complexity":[223],"accuracy,":[225,259],"proposed.":[228],"Six":[229],"testing":[230],"scenarios":[231],"developed":[234,266],"evaluate":[236],"robustness":[238],"proposed":[241,250],"Finally,":[243],"simulation":[245],"result":[246],"demonstrates":[247],"outperforms":[252],"several":[253],"state-of-the-art":[254],"baselines":[255],"regarding":[256],"prediction":[258],"received":[260],"power,":[261],"ACE":[263],"test":[267],"scenarios.":[268]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
