{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410394606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3570706","title":"Error Floor of ML-Decoded Spinal Codes in the Finite Blocklength Regime","display_name":"Error Floor of ML-Decoded Spinal Codes in the Finite Blocklength Regime","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410394606","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3570706"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3570706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3570706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016226762","display_name":"Aimin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-4378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aimin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-4378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100684143","display_name":"Shaohua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-0594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6950-0594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088825330","display_name":"Xiaomeng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8731-0643"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaomeng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100606009","display_name":"Sumei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-8122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sumei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore","Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-8122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6327,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65684894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"10","first_page":"16550","last_page":"16555"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.8920000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.8920000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-floor","display_name":"Error floor","score":0.5795630812644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4933439791202545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46896377205848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.41778337955474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4105725586414337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3896980285644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.29537996649742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2854803204536438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46462455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5395712","display_name":"Error floor","level":4,"score":0.5795630812644958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4933439791202545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46896377205848694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.41778337955474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4105725586414337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3896980285644531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.29537996649742126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2854803204536438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3570706","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3570706","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1551322006","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022B1515120002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","funder_display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2246487800","display_name":"\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\u6548\u7ea6\u675f\u4e0b\u7684\u6df1\u7a7a\u6d4b\u63a7\u901a\u4fe1\u4f20\u8f93\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61871147","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337111","display_name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1938601953","https://openalex.org/W2035379333","https://openalex.org/W2045099270","https://openalex.org/W2060090091","https://openalex.org/W2075272197","https://openalex.org/W2119017156","https://openalex.org/W2128765501","https://openalex.org/W2139252928","https://openalex.org/W2510266898","https://openalex.org/W2514674128","https://openalex.org/W2531627753","https://openalex.org/W2742686660","https://openalex.org/W2785953228","https://openalex.org/W2900120528","https://openalex.org/W2901972537","https://openalex.org/W2912862234","https://openalex.org/W2917289477","https://openalex.org/W2918902102","https://openalex.org/W2957362641","https://openalex.org/W2963253138","https://openalex.org/W2980489315","https://openalex.org/W3040191045","https://openalex.org/W3048637326","https://openalex.org/W3088033223","https://openalex.org/W3126241668","https://openalex.org/W3173223865","https://openalex.org/W3180641418","https://openalex.org/W4200128120","https://openalex.org/W4200507548","https://openalex.org/W4206808603","https://openalex.org/W4229922087","https://openalex.org/W4239552918","https://openalex.org/W4285263091","https://openalex.org/W4290995020","https://openalex.org/W4386075150","https://openalex.org/W4395030989","https://openalex.org/W4401070789","https://openalex.org/W4412984944"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2980068837","https://openalex.org/W2098872742","https://openalex.org/W2160400221","https://openalex.org/W2060592722","https://openalex.org/W312408695","https://openalex.org/W2107808800","https://openalex.org/W2012252541","https://openalex.org/W2117032015","https://openalex.org/W1502079998","https://openalex.org/W2002946109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spinal":[0,34],"codes":[1,7,35],"are":[2],"a":[3],"new":[4],"family":[5],"ofcapacity-achievingrateless":[6],"that":[8,102],"have":[9],"been":[10],"shown":[11],"to":[12,18,61],"achieve":[13],"better":[14],"rate":[15],"performance":[16,31,124],"compared":[17],"Raptor":[19],"codes,":[20,22],"Strider":[21],"andratelessLow-Density":[23],"Parity-Check":[24],"(LDPC)":[25],"codes.":[26],"This":[27],"correspondence":[28],"addresses":[29],"the":[30,37,63,72,90,110,117,123,126,131],"limitations":[32],"of":[33,92,106],"in":[36],"finite":[38],"blocklength":[39],"regime,":[40],"uncovering":[41],"an":[42,58],"error":[43,64,73,111],"floor":[44,65,74,112],"phenomenon":[45],"at":[46,70],"high":[47],"Signal-to-Noise":[48],"Ratios":[49],"(SNRs)":[50],"under":[51],"Maximum":[52],"Likelihood":[53],"(ML)":[54],"Decoding.":[55],"We":[56],"develop":[57],"analytical":[59],"expression":[60],"approximate":[62],"and":[66,85,97,130],"devise":[67],"SNR":[68,118,128],"thresholds":[69],"which":[71],"initiates.":[75],"Numerical":[76],"results":[77,99],"across":[78],"Additive":[79],"White":[80],"Gaussian":[81],"Noise":[82],"(AWGN),":[83],"Rayleigh,":[84],"Nakagami-m":[86],"fading":[87],"channels":[88],"verify":[89],"accuracy":[91],"our":[93],"analysis.":[94],"The":[95],"analysis":[96],"numerical":[98],"also":[100],"show":[101],"transmitting":[103],"more":[104],"passes":[105],"symbols":[107],"can":[108],"lower":[109],"but":[113],"do":[114],"not":[115],"affect":[116],"threshold,":[119],"providing":[120],"insights":[121],"into":[122],"target,":[125],"operating":[127],"region,":[129],"code":[132],"design.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
