{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408281315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3548596","title":"Design and Optimization of Blockchain-Based Federated Learning for Intelligent Endogenous 6G Networks","display_name":"Design and Optimization of Blockchain-Based Federated Learning for Intelligent Endogenous 6G Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408281315","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3548596"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3548596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3548596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049091511","display_name":"Xiuxian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-1716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiuxian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Telecommunications & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-1716","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaorong Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-8059"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","College of Telecommunications & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1521-8059","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Telecommunications & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01684862,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"7","first_page":"10958","last_page":"10973"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8529461622238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5595669150352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4179747700691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34860727190971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.32698166370391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.22419357299804688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8529461622238159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5595669150352478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4179747700691223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34860727190971375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.32698166370391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.22419357299804688}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3548596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3548596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2475333764","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92367102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G841580868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024ZX03001021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","funder_display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329860","display_name":"National Science and Technology Major Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072566913","https://openalex.org/W2535104337","https://openalex.org/W2535838896","https://openalex.org/W2768696376","https://openalex.org/W2781091734","https://openalex.org/W2895570089","https://openalex.org/W2900804173","https://openalex.org/W2912283946","https://openalex.org/W2921018545","https://openalex.org/W2945287947","https://openalex.org/W2949726555","https://openalex.org/W2963264685","https://openalex.org/W2972160586","https://openalex.org/W2974429275","https://openalex.org/W2982464076","https://openalex.org/W2987317136","https://openalex.org/W2990700079","https://openalex.org/W3006655855","https://openalex.org/W3017949972","https://openalex.org/W3019945581","https://openalex.org/W3022813153","https://openalex.org/W3037582816","https://openalex.org/W3048634206","https://openalex.org/W3058760796","https://openalex.org/W3103243855","https://openalex.org/W3128475867","https://openalex.org/W3161133901","https://openalex.org/W3194939904","https://openalex.org/W3202260564","https://openalex.org/W4206414320","https://openalex.org/W4285819283","https://openalex.org/W4288079681","https://openalex.org/W4288786288","https://openalex.org/W4310055000","https://openalex.org/W4381785392","https://openalex.org/W4383753351","https://openalex.org/W4385218468","https://openalex.org/W4385486485","https://openalex.org/W4386362911","https://openalex.org/W4387197045","https://openalex.org/W4391235282","https://openalex.org/W4399665748","https://openalex.org/W6728757088","https://openalex.org/W6765408294","https://openalex.org/W6776702482","https://openalex.org/W6780501606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"federated":[1],"learning":[2,138,166,186],"(FL)":[3],"is":[4],"attracting":[5],"increasing":[6,18],"attention":[7],"in":[8],"the":[9,17,39,62,72,85,97,101,105,111,116,146,151,157,165,180,185,189,194],"research":[10],"of":[11,20,26,41,75,100,110,121,159,162,169],"intelligent":[12],"endogenous":[13],"6G":[14,76],"networks.":[15],"However,":[16],"number":[19,120],"users":[21],"and":[22,37,56,59,84,103,130,144,153,192],"growing":[23],"model":[24,102,141],"sizes":[25],"FL":[27,48,131,143,171],"cause":[28],"considerable":[29],"communication":[30,35,128,195],"overhead.":[31],"To":[32],"reduce":[33],"this":[34],"overhead":[36,196],"improve":[38,104],"efficiency":[40,139,167],"FL,":[42],"we":[43,134],"design":[44],"a":[45,52,78,137],"hierarchical":[46],"blockchain-based":[47],"architecture,":[49],"which":[50],"divides":[51,61],"network":[53,127],"into":[54,65],"edge":[55,63],"center":[57],"layers":[58],"further":[60],"layer":[64],"different":[66,160,170],"shards.":[67],"In":[68],"addition,":[69],"due":[70],"to":[71,95],"massive":[73],"scales":[74],"networks,":[77],"main-shard":[79],"blockchain":[80,124],"architecture":[81],"with":[82],"IOTA":[83],"practical":[86],"byzantine":[87],"fault":[88],"tolerance":[89],"(PBFT)":[90],"consensus":[91,125],"algorithm":[92,182],"are":[93,173],"used":[94],"ensure":[96],"safe":[98],"sharing":[99],"transactions":[106],"per":[107],"second":[108],"(TPS)":[109],"system.":[112],"Moreover,":[113],"comprehensively":[114],"considering":[115],"node":[117],"computing":[118],"resources,":[119],"training":[122,132,147],"samples,":[123],"delay,":[126,129,133],"also":[135],"establish":[136],"optimization":[140],"for":[142,150],"deduce":[145],"round":[148],"delay":[149],"main":[152],"shard":[154],"chains.":[155],"Furthermore,":[156],"influences":[158],"numbers":[161],"shards":[163],"on":[164],"levels":[168],"models":[172],"analyzed.":[174],"The":[175],"simulation":[176],"results":[177],"show":[178],"that":[179],"proposed":[181],"greatly":[183],"improves":[184],"efficiency,":[187],"increases":[188],"system":[190],"TPS":[191],"reduces":[193],"by":[197],"more":[198],"than":[199],"30%.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}