{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407736669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3543612","title":"Doppler-Based RAIM for GNSS Spoofing Detection in Vehicular Applications","display_name":"Doppler-Based RAIM for GNSS Spoofing Detection in Vehicular Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407736669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3543612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3543612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3543612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101817427","display_name":"Ziheng Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziheng Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4319-1372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101869288","display_name":"Hong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-7160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5944-7160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032262275","display_name":"Mingquan Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingquan Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7767-6661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":31.256,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99425739,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"7","first_page":"10306","last_page":"10320"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10655","display_name":"GNSS positioning and interference","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.8477814197540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.7820435762405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-effect","display_name":"Doppler effect","score":0.6671451330184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-autonomous-integrity-monitoring","display_name":"Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring","score":0.5934208631515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5852979421615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4060162305831909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/global-positioning-system","display_name":"Global Positioning System","score":0.39159542322158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.364129900932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28461775183677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2686884105205536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22151198983192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.18458542227745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11810129880905151}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.8477814197540283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.7820435762405396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142757262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76436","display_name":"Doppler effect","level":2,"score":0.6671451330184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94821174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2135146","display_name":"Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring","level":4,"score":0.5934208631515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5852979421615601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4060162305831909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.39159542322158813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.364129900932312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28461775183677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2686884105205536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22151198983192444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.18458542227745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11810129880905151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3543612","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3543612","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1198081171","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62473222","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1824580093","https://openalex.org/W1921864689","https://openalex.org/W1968787321","https://openalex.org/W1973131250","https://openalex.org/W1980494386","https://openalex.org/W2162513948","https://openalex.org/W2332630870","https://openalex.org/W2498770676","https://openalex.org/W2523772512","https://openalex.org/W2551075229","https://openalex.org/W2610334615","https://openalex.org/W2745638552","https://openalex.org/W2785735866","https://openalex.org/W2810753555","https://openalex.org/W2883366529","https://openalex.org/W2908167297","https://openalex.org/W2943121541","https://openalex.org/W2944897237","https://openalex.org/W2946050330","https://openalex.org/W2947605061","https://openalex.org/W3005723176","https://openalex.org/W3006121712","https://openalex.org/W3008948231","https://openalex.org/W3095093410","https://openalex.org/W3111554295","https://openalex.org/W3129912741","https://openalex.org/W3164438975","https://openalex.org/W3167103746","https://openalex.org/W3186645182","https://openalex.org/W3190250322","https://openalex.org/W3214893631","https://openalex.org/W4205812655","https://openalex.org/W4210478500","https://openalex.org/W4212910441","https://openalex.org/W4213209045","https://openalex.org/W4213251304","https://openalex.org/W4220818162","https://openalex.org/W4221150770","https://openalex.org/W4226086025","https://openalex.org/W4285260259","https://openalex.org/W4306950981","https://openalex.org/W4312405351","https://openalex.org/W4320484919","https://openalex.org/W4320490160","https://openalex.org/W4360995582","https://openalex.org/W4362496382","https://openalex.org/W4375866023","https://openalex.org/W4380551764","https://openalex.org/W4387250401","https://openalex.org/W4388895082","https://openalex.org/W4392114272","https://openalex.org/W4396982202","https://openalex.org/W4403427751","https://openalex.org/W6686477898","https://openalex.org/W6731781941","https://openalex.org/W6735195370","https://openalex.org/W6782363013"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3095455901","https://openalex.org/W4312670159","https://openalex.org/W3126564540","https://openalex.org/W2968223354","https://openalex.org/W3008363920","https://openalex.org/W4391128647","https://openalex.org/W2088717005","https://openalex.org/W3206448138","https://openalex.org/W4319430861","https://openalex.org/W3200530419"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modern":[0],"vehicular":[1,51,67,130,216,228],"applications":[2],"heavily":[3],"rely":[4],"on":[5,91,149],"accurate":[6],"Position,":[7],"Velocity,":[8],"and":[9,36,102,183,196,223],"Timing":[10],"(PVT)":[11],"information":[12],"provided":[13],"by":[14,142,164,219],"the":[15,22,48,70,76,144,155,188,203],"Global":[16],"Navigation":[17],"Satellite":[18],"System":[19],"(GNSS).":[20],"However,":[21],"vulnerability":[23],"of":[24,40,50,63,85,146,190],"GNSS":[25,126,178,212],"to":[26,33,134,199],"spoofing":[27,41,64,127,141,213],"attacks":[28,42],"presents":[29],"a":[30,60,82,122,173,208],"significant":[31],"threat":[32],"vehicle":[34],"safety":[35],"efficiency.":[37],"Rapid":[38],"detection":[39,65,128,214],"is":[43],"thus":[44],"vital":[45],"for":[46,125,157,176,211],"ensuring":[47],"security":[49],"navigation.":[52],"Among":[53],"existing":[54],"methods,":[55,137],"Doppler":[56,72,94,147,150,169],"shift":[57],"emerges":[58],"as":[59,69,81,121],"typical":[61],"means":[62],"in":[66,129,215,226],"applications,":[68,217],"anomalous":[71],"bias":[73,148],"associated":[74],"with":[75],"user's":[77],"real":[78],"state":[79],"serves":[80],"distinctive":[83],"indicator":[84],"spoofing.":[86],"Conventional":[87],"approaches,":[88],"however,":[89],"focus":[90],"directly":[92],"observing":[93],"bias,":[95],"which":[96],"remains":[97],"embedded":[98],"within":[99],"raw":[100],"measurements":[101],"necessitates":[103],"additional":[104],"complexities,":[105],"thereby":[106],"limiting":[107],"their":[108],"effectiveness.":[109],"In":[110,132],"this":[111],"paper,":[112],"we":[113,186],"introduce":[114],"Doppler-based":[115],"Receiver":[116],"Autonomous":[117],"Integrity":[118],"Monitoring":[119],"(D-RAIM)":[120],"practical":[123,209],"method":[124,206],"applications.":[131],"contrast":[133],"direct":[135],"monitoring":[136,163],"D-RAIM":[138,160,205],"indirectly":[139],"detects":[140],"assessing":[143],"impact":[145],"positioning":[151,170],"integrity.":[152],"Operating":[153],"without":[154],"need":[156],"external":[158],"sensors,":[159],"performs":[161],"integrity":[162],"leveraging":[165],"residuals":[166],"derived":[167],"from":[168],"equations,":[171],"offering":[172],"flexible":[174],"approach":[175],"standalone":[177],"receivers.":[179],"Through":[180],"simulation":[181],"experiments":[182],"field":[184],"tests,":[185],"validate":[187],"effectiveness":[189],"D-RAIM,":[191],"demonstrating":[192],"its":[193,220],"broader":[194],"applicability":[195,225],"robustness":[197],"compared":[198],"previous":[200],"methods.":[201],"Overall,":[202],"proposed":[204],"offers":[207],"solution":[210],"characterized":[218],"flexibility,":[221],"robustness,":[222],"wider":[224],"enhancing":[227],"navigation":[229],"security.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}