{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406794007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3533486","title":"Theory-Constrained Neural Network With Modular Interpretability for Fuel Cell Vehicle Modeling","display_name":"Theory-Constrained Neural Network With Modular Interpretability for Fuel Cell Vehicle Modeling","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406794007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3533486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3533486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3533486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051378169","display_name":"Nuo Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8731-7497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuo Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8731-7497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100396777","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5395-4017"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5395-4017","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079684072","display_name":"Hong Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-2941"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hong Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5127-2941","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071106750","display_name":"Zunyan Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1438-3693"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zunyan Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082252488","display_name":"Hu Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5597-2964"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103168713","display_name":"Jingjing Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3220-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150595","display_name":"Guangzhou Electronic Technology (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/03rq35s79","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150595"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingjing Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangzhou Hybot Technology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China","Guangzhou Hybot Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Hybot Technology Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150595"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangzhou Hybot Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101476339","display_name":"Zhi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3287-9007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3287-9007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.8057,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99442662,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"6","first_page":"8907","last_page":"8920"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10409","display_name":"Fuel Cells and Related Materials","score":0.9944000244140625,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9006999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8663595914840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.6295017004013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6108536720275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"Fuel cells","score":0.5078077912330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4985177516937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-neural-network","display_name":"Modular neural network","score":0.44984740018844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.4373299181461334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3510366380214691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.33040136098861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3281298875808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-delay-neural-network","display_name":"Time delay neural network","score":0.14119696617126465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8663595914840698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.6295017004013062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6108536720275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.5078077912330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4985177516937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781121602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3504403","display_name":"Modular neural network","level":4,"score":0.44984740018844604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.4373299181461334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3510366380214691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.33040136098861694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3281298875808716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175202392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2434543","display_name":"Time delay neural network","level":3,"score":0.14119696617126465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3533486","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3533486","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6217182015","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"T2241003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014544957","https://openalex.org/W2064669710","https://openalex.org/W2396363842","https://openalex.org/W2944471439","https://openalex.org/W2971566011","https://openalex.org/W3138295406","https://openalex.org/W3202705391","https://openalex.org/W3209900176","https://openalex.org/W4206678812","https://openalex.org/W4214930500","https://openalex.org/W4226323231","https://openalex.org/W4286377449","https://openalex.org/W4291034651","https://openalex.org/W4292969710","https://openalex.org/W4296706826","https://openalex.org/W4298130500","https://openalex.org/W4309118609","https://openalex.org/W4313420304","https://openalex.org/W4313598762","https://openalex.org/W4376612800","https://openalex.org/W4382196190","https://openalex.org/W4383617503","https://openalex.org/W4384519536","https://openalex.org/W4385076700","https://openalex.org/W4385894374","https://openalex.org/W4386233208","https://openalex.org/W4386275819","https://openalex.org/W4386412302","https://openalex.org/W4386565560","https://openalex.org/W4386590859","https://openalex.org/W4388469956","https://openalex.org/W4388507590","https://openalex.org/W4389161137","https://openalex.org/W4389352633","https://openalex.org/W4390187840","https://openalex.org/W4390604233","https://openalex.org/W4391797211","https://openalex.org/W4391906391","https://openalex.org/W4392796742","https://openalex.org/W4393032797","https://openalex.org/W4394709763","https://openalex.org/W4394834608","https://openalex.org/W4396542460","https://openalex.org/W4396796384","https://openalex.org/W4402227768","https://openalex.org/W4402615325","https://openalex.org/W4403215519"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558201422","https://openalex.org/W2281615551","https://openalex.org/W2317332738","https://openalex.org/W2022575851","https://openalex.org/W2097995569","https://openalex.org/W2367028704","https://openalex.org/W794512309","https://openalex.org/W14051135","https://openalex.org/W575330181","https://openalex.org/W2789838507"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Combining":[0],"the":[1,8,49,69,76,79,84,87,91,99,108,128,137,145],"physical":[2,37],"significance":[3,38],"of":[4,12,20,51,78,159],"theoretical":[5,129,138],"models":[6,14],"with":[7],"high":[9],"fitting":[10,114],"accuracy":[11,115,132,142,157],"data-driven":[13,147],"is":[15,45],"crucial":[16],"for":[17,68,116],"precise":[18],"characterization":[19],"fuel":[21,118],"cell":[22,55,119],"electric":[23],"truck":[24],"(FCET)":[25],"energy":[26,195],"consumption.":[27],"This":[28],"paper":[29],"proposes":[30],"a":[31,94],"theory-constrained":[32],"neural":[33,95,110],"network":[34,96,111],"(TCNN),":[35],"integrating":[36],"without":[39],"compromising":[40],"accuracy.":[41,104],"A":[42],"theory-guided":[43,80],"filter":[44,81],"applied":[46,193],"to":[47,82,136,144,164,194],"ensure":[48],"interpretability":[50],"each":[52,62],"sub-module.":[53],"Fuel":[54],"temperature":[56,120,180],"and":[57,90,121,140,161,170,179,199],"voltage":[58,177],"are":[59,72],"modeled":[60],"separately,":[61],"serving":[63],"as":[64],"an":[65],"important":[66],"input":[67],"other.":[70],"Sub-networks":[71],"trained":[73],"individually":[74],"under":[75],"constraints":[77],"minimize":[83],"error":[85],"between":[86],"final":[88],"output":[89],"data.":[92],"Additionally,":[93],"based":[97,152],"on":[98,153],"CNN-BiLSTM-MHSA":[100],"architecture":[101],"ensures":[102],"model":[103,139,155,178,181],"Results":[105],"show":[106],"that":[107],"proposed":[109,124,176],"significantly":[112],"improves":[113],"both":[117],"voltage.":[122],"The":[123,175],"TCNN":[125,183],"successfully":[126],"integrates":[127],"model,":[130],"improving":[131],"by":[133],"33.7%":[134],"compared":[135,163],"maintaining":[141],"comparable":[143],"purely":[146],"model.":[148],"Hydrogen":[149],"consumption":[150,172,187],"calculated":[151],"this":[154],"shows":[156],"improvements":[158],"63.7%":[160],"49.4%":[162],"traditional":[165],"methods":[166],"using":[167,182],"efficiency":[168],"curves":[169],"hydrogen":[171,186],"curves,":[173],"respectively.":[174],"enable":[184],"accurate":[185],"calculations,":[188],"which":[189],"can":[190],"be":[191],"broadly":[192],"management,":[196],"component":[197],"sizing,":[198],"other":[200],"related":[201],"areas.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-01-25T00:00:00"}
