{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406138249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3526696","title":"Self-Learning Based Dependable Offloading Optimization in Semi-Trusted Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks","display_name":"Self-Learning Based Dependable Offloading Optimization in Semi-Trusted Vehicular Edge Computing and Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406138249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3526696"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3526696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3526696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023485142","display_name":"Xuehan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-6024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuehan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3958-6024","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080987681","display_name":"Tao Jing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-1729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tao Jing","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5277-1729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001850067","display_name":"Ruinian Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-0502"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157417397","display_name":"Bowling Green State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay7va13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruinian Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CS, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4452-0502","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CS, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157417397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100695922","display_name":"Xiaoxuan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-0759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3308-0759","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yu Yan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9470-2959"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Yan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9470-2959","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087945929","display_name":"Xin Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-4290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31683504","display_name":"Beijing Forestry University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xv2pc41","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1327237609","https://openalex.org/I31683504","https://openalex.org/I4210127390"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1660-4290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31683504"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049709192","display_name":"Yan Huo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-1009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Huo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0647-1009","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering and National Engineering Research Center of Advanced Network Technologies, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420016","display_name":"F. Richard Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Richard Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.198,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99217762,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"5","first_page":"8141","last_page":"8157"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9810000061988831,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8291053771972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependability","display_name":"Dependability","score":0.7839202880859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.588310182094574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.5102329254150391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.49448180198669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4824260175228119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4746970534324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.43515855073928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.410370409488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.4099437892436981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.3509640693664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.22952917218208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09019768238067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08721736073493958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8291053771972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77019957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2689057","display_name":"Dependability","level":2,"score":0.7839202880859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.588310182094574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.5102329254150391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.49448180198669434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4824260175228119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4746970534324646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.43515855073928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.410370409488678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.4099437892436981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.3509640693664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.22952917218208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09019768238067627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08721736073493958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2025.3526696","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2025.3526696","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3895700909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62202035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6818647588","display_name":"\u9762\u5411\u672a\u6765\u79fb\u52a8\u901a\u4fe1\u7684\u4f4e\u529f\u8017\u5b89\u5168\u667a\u6167\u7269\u8054\u7f51\u7cfb\u7edf\u5173\u952e\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61931001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8967325307","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62102019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011383489","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2086751352","https://openalex.org/W2101010482","https://openalex.org/W2146570554","https://openalex.org/W2626994673","https://openalex.org/W2747537200","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W2895973886","https://openalex.org/W2901631215","https://openalex.org/W2964221923","https://openalex.org/W2989743749","https://openalex.org/W3010178570","https://openalex.org/W3013624091","https://openalex.org/W3013810395","https://openalex.org/W3022321359","https://openalex.org/W3022369195","https://openalex.org/W3025539548","https://openalex.org/W3048299330","https://openalex.org/W3130425349","https://openalex.org/W3152617927","https://openalex.org/W3155400008","https://openalex.org/W3196878063","https://openalex.org/W4205563028","https://openalex.org/W4206321341","https://openalex.org/W4226413063","https://openalex.org/W4281609193","https://openalex.org/W4283211077","https://openalex.org/W4285412428","https://openalex.org/W4315777381","https://openalex.org/W4328007271","https://openalex.org/W4328053391","https://openalex.org/W4391407033","https://openalex.org/W4400645723","https://openalex.org/W4400772157","https://openalex.org/W4404370900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4361251304","https://openalex.org/W3024547383","https://openalex.org/W4210813012","https://openalex.org/W3174690704","https://openalex.org/W4221092438","https://openalex.org/W4406207611","https://openalex.org/W4385335479","https://openalex.org/W2905685817","https://openalex.org/W2730940305","https://openalex.org/W4207020266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"vehicular":[1],"edge":[2],"computing":[3],"and":[4,27,53,98,112,167,170],"networks":[5],"(VECONs)":[6],"emerge,":[7],"Internet":[8],"of":[9,46,103,137,159],"vehicles":[10],"(IoVs)":[11],"is":[12,74,132,135],"gaining":[13],"significant":[14],"advantages.":[15],"To":[16,62],"provide":[17],"users":[18],"with":[19,79],"dependable":[20,67,119,126],"services,":[21],"VECONs":[22],"need":[23],"to":[24,88],"offer":[25],"efficient":[26],"secure":[28],"task":[29],"offloading":[30,50,55,69,104,120,129,141],"services.":[31],"Unfortunately,":[32],"little":[33],"effort":[34],"has":[35],"been":[36],"put":[37],"into":[38],"addressing":[39],"security":[40],"issues":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"the":[44,139,151],"risk":[45,115],"privacy":[47,90,113,127],"exposure":[48,91,114],"when":[49],"data.":[51],"Modeling":[52],"optimizing":[54],"dependability":[56,105],"are":[57],"affected":[58],"by":[59],"these":[60,64],"issues.":[61],"address":[63],"concerns,":[65],"a":[66,100,123,144],"three-layer":[68],"framework":[70,94],"involving":[71],"blockchain":[72],"technology":[73],"presented":[75,133],"in":[76,86,143,157],"this":[77],"paper,":[78],"fully":[80],"homomorphic":[81],"encryption":[82],"(FHE)":[83],"algorithm":[84,131,153],"incorporated":[85],"order":[87],"mitigate":[89],"risks.":[92],"The":[93],"divides":[95],"tasks":[96],"reasonably":[97],"introduces":[99],"novel":[101],"measure":[102],"called":[106],"cost":[107],"from":[108],"energy":[109],"consumption,":[110],"delay,":[111],"(cEDP)":[116],"for":[117],"constructing":[118],"optimization.":[121],"Additionally,":[122],"self-learning":[124],"based":[125],"preservation":[128],"(SDPPO)":[130],"that":[134,150],"capable":[136],"solving":[138],"optimal":[140],"problem":[142],"decentralized":[145],"manner.":[146],"Simulation":[147],"results":[148],"show":[149],"SDPPO":[152],"outperforms":[154],"its":[155],"counterparts":[156],"terms":[158],"faster":[160],"convergence":[161,165],"speed,":[162],"better":[163],"cEDP":[164],"results,":[166],"improved":[168],"scalability":[169],"tunability":[171],"characteristics.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}