{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405023193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3504820","title":"Deterministic Maximum Likelihood Algorithm for Sky-Ground Waves Recognition in ELoran Systems","display_name":"Deterministic Maximum Likelihood Algorithm for Sky-Ground Waves Recognition in ELoran Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405023193","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3504820"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2024.3504820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3504820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101817161","display_name":"Yuzhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-5319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1322-5319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100836431","display_name":"Xing Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xing Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114549521","display_name":"Di Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3713-0888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Di Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3713-0888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056041589","display_name":"Yan Dong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-6903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9512-6903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029337392","display_name":"Min Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7762-5063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7762-5063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi&#x0027;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5104,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60225796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"74","issue":"4","first_page":"6685","last_page":"6690"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.926800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10205","display_name":"Advanced Fiber Optic Sensors","score":0.926800012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.6085790395736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5341925024986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.493552565574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sky","display_name":"Sky","score":0.46870535612106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22995930910110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16896110773086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.14507940411567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.13437071442604065}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.6085790395736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5341925024986267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.493552565574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73329638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q527","display_name":"Sky","level":2,"score":0.46870535612106323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22995930910110474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16896110773086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.14507940411567688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.13437071442604065}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2024.3504820","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3504820","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3124138013","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62471195","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2017424621","https://openalex.org/W2113771311","https://openalex.org/W2135961874","https://openalex.org/W2146222967","https://openalex.org/W2392481606","https://openalex.org/W2763543589","https://openalex.org/W2939840055","https://openalex.org/W3196217814","https://openalex.org/W3206016109","https://openalex.org/W4206244600","https://openalex.org/W4387486055"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2245358137","https://openalex.org/W2528420922","https://openalex.org/W2587830478","https://openalex.org/W3010033880","https://openalex.org/W4286825833","https://openalex.org/W2554059268","https://openalex.org/W2919291704"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,168],"crucial":[2],"to":[3,11,69,153,180],"recognize":[4],"the":[5,13,16,25,34,43,51,62,70,83,103,106,111,114,119,121,123,126,131,136,154,156,159,161,166,177],"sky":[6,44],"and":[7,45,105,125,158,173,176,193],"ground":[8,46],"waves,":[9,17],"i.e.,":[10],"determine":[12],"delays":[14],"of":[15,27,130,186],"in":[18,128,134,139,182],"enhanced":[19],"long-range":[20],"navigation":[21],"(eLoran)":[22],"systems.":[23],"However,":[24],"performance":[26],"most":[28],"existing":[29],"algorithms":[30],"sharply":[31],"decreases":[32],"when":[33],"delay":[35],"differences":[36],"<inline-formula":[37,143,188,194],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[38,144,189,195],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[39,145,190,196],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\Delta":[40,146,197],"\\tau$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[41,147],"between":[42],"waves":[47,66,94],"are":[48,55],"small":[49,142],"or":[50,148],"signal-to-noise":[52],"ratios":[53],"(SNRs)":[54],"low.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"after":[60],"transforming":[61],"originally":[63],"time-domain":[64],"sky-ground":[65,93],"recognition":[67,95],"problem":[68],"frequency":[71],"domain,":[72],"we":[73,89],"interestingly":[74],"find":[75],"that":[76,110],"it":[77],"can":[78],"be":[79],"effectively":[80],"addressed":[81],"by":[82,165,170],"deterministic":[84],"maximum":[85],"likelihood":[86],"(DML).":[87],"Thus,":[88],"design":[90],"a":[91,183],"DML-based":[92],"algorithm.":[96],"The":[97],"verification":[98],"results":[99],"based":[100],"on":[101],"both":[102],"simulated":[104],"realistic":[107],"data":[108],"show":[109],"DML":[112,167],"outperforms":[113],"four":[115],"representative":[116],"algorithms,":[117],"including":[118],"IFFT,":[120,155],"FOC-MUSIC,":[122,160],"WRELAX,":[124],"LM,":[127,157],"terms":[129],"success":[132,162],"rate":[133,163],"recognizing":[135],"groundwave,":[137],"particularly":[138],"situations":[140],"with":[141],"low":[149],"SNRs.":[150],"Numerically,":[151],"compared":[152],"achieved":[164],"improved":[169],"67.11%,":[171],"66.67%,":[172],"64.19%":[174],"respectively,":[175],"WRELAX":[178],"fails":[179],"work,":[181],"challenging":[184],"situation":[185],"SNR":[187],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$=0$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[191],"dB":[192],"\\tau":[198],"=37\\":[199],"\\mu":[200],"s$</tex-math></inline-formula>.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}