{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400647457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3427683","title":"Enhancing Energy Management Strategy for Battery Electric Vehicles: Incorporating Cell Balancing and Multi-Agent Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Architecture","display_name":"Enhancing Energy Management Strategy for Battery Electric Vehicles: Incorporating Cell Balancing and Multi-Agent Twin Delayed Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient Architecture","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400647457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3427683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2024.3427683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3427683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050194214","display_name":"Armin Lotfy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-5832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Armin Lotfy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group, Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-5832","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group, Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074897163","display_name":"Hicham Chaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8728-3653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hicham Chaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group, Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8728-3653","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Robotic and Energy Systems Research Group, Department of Electronics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080352371","display_name":"Mohsen Kandidayeni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-2377"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135117807","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Sherbrooke","ror":"https://ror.org/00kybxq39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Kandidayeni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electric-Transport, Energy Storage and Conversion Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4574-2377","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electric-Transport, Energy Storage and Conversion Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135117807"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016487585","display_name":"Lo\u00efc Boulon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63341726","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Trois-Rivi\u00e8res","ror":"https://ror.org/02xrw9r68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I49663120","https://openalex.org/I63341726"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lo\u00efc Boulon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hydrogen Research Institute, University of Qu&#x00E9;bec at Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7821-1463","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hydrogen Research Institute, University of Qu&#x00E9;bec at Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, Trois-Rivi&#x00E8;res, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63341726"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3077,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87840266,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"11","first_page":"16593","last_page":"16607"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5875548720359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.5646060705184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5444927215576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4443092942237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.3783153295516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37403035163879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.33024778962135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.1573636829853058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5875548720359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5646060705184937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5444927215576172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4443092942237854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3783153295516968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37403035163879395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.33024778962135315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.1573636829853058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2024.3427683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3427683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":53,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508195654","https://openalex.org/W2084376682","https://openalex.org/W2158662819","https://openalex.org/W2167503549","https://openalex.org/W2169245194","https://openalex.org/W2344174278","https://openalex.org/W2593574914","https://openalex.org/W2748111824","https://openalex.org/W2774082887","https://openalex.org/W2794763186","https://openalex.org/W2795086724","https://openalex.org/W2799143103","https://openalex.org/W2807725801","https://openalex.org/W2908547192","https://openalex.org/W2929626955","https://openalex.org/W2962135525","https://openalex.org/W2967686386","https://openalex.org/W2973229164","https://openalex.org/W2991046523","https://openalex.org/W2997003398","https://openalex.org/W3017144359","https://openalex.org/W3018144864","https://openalex.org/W3044039637","https://openalex.org/W3108657514","https://openalex.org/W3108833523","https://openalex.org/W3123642769","https://openalex.org/W3130141729","https://openalex.org/W3130148359","https://openalex.org/W3130780950","https://openalex.org/W3187200394","https://openalex.org/W3195961093","https://openalex.org/W3201372072","https://openalex.org/W4205201849","https://openalex.org/W4206659339","https://openalex.org/W4210505448","https://openalex.org/W4210991577","https://openalex.org/W4211201957","https://openalex.org/W4212871297","https://openalex.org/W4224254046","https://openalex.org/W4281263413","https://openalex.org/W4289637196","https://openalex.org/W4306315296","https://openalex.org/W4313562622","https://openalex.org/W4315778349","https://openalex.org/W4317376869","https://openalex.org/W4319295651","https://openalex.org/W4321381841","https://openalex.org/W4381322804","https://openalex.org/W4384306284","https://openalex.org/W4388756751","https://openalex.org/W4402264725","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6748839928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2588198209","https://openalex.org/W2330407971","https://openalex.org/W1909006023","https://openalex.org/W3200723557","https://openalex.org/W4205824991","https://openalex.org/W2354768891","https://openalex.org/W4229332389","https://openalex.org/W1510108650","https://openalex.org/W2322968447","https://openalex.org/W2356819012"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,13,35,79,108,115],"real-time":[4],"multi-objective":[5],"adaptive":[6],"Energy":[7],"Management":[8],"Strategy":[9],"(EMS)":[10],"based":[11],"on":[12],"Multi-Agent":[14],"Reinforcement":[15],"Learning":[16],"(MARL)":[17],"architecture.":[18],"Leveraging":[19],"Twin":[20],"Delayed":[21],"Deep":[22],"Deterministic":[23],"Policy":[24],"Gradient":[25],"(TD3)":[26],"methods,":[27],"this":[28],"EMS":[29,126],"continuously":[30],"monitors":[31],"the":[32,64,91,94,120,143,149],"system,":[33],"striking":[34],"balance":[36],"between":[37],"front":[38],"and":[39,48,75,133],"rear":[40],"electric":[41,87],"drive":[42],"operations,":[43],"cell":[44],"balancing":[45,130],"in":[46,148],"batteries,":[47],"other":[49],"crucial":[50],"parameters":[51],"affecting":[52],"battery":[53,73,131,138],"aging.":[54,76,139],"It":[55],"not":[56],"only":[57],"meets":[58],"driver":[59,98],"requirements":[60],"but":[61],"also":[62],"determines":[63],"optimal":[65],"power":[66,99],"levels":[67],"for":[68],"Electric":[69],"Motors":[70],"(EMs),":[71],"reducing":[72],"depletion":[74],"Validation":[77],"employs":[78],"2021":[80,150],"Motor":[81,151],"Vehicle":[82,152],"Challenge":[83,153],"model":[84],"with":[85],"two":[86],"motors.":[88],"Results":[89],"indicate":[90],"advantages":[92],"of":[93,111],"proposed":[95],"EMS,":[96],"meeting":[97],"needs":[100],"across":[101],"diverse":[102],"environmental":[103],"conditions.":[104],"Furthermore,":[105],"it":[106,141],"achieves":[107],"final":[109],"state":[110],"charge":[112],"(SOC)":[113],"within":[114],"mere":[116],"0.3%":[117],"deviation":[118],"from":[119],"Dynamic":[121],"Programming":[122],"(DP)":[123],"approach.":[124],"The":[125],"excels":[127],"by":[128],"effectively":[129],"cells":[132],"optimizing":[134],"temperature,":[135],"mitigating":[136],"long-term":[137],"Importantly,":[140],"outperforms":[142],"highest":[144],"reported":[145],"SOC":[146],"value":[147],"while":[154],"satisfying":[155],"all":[156],"specified":[157],"criteria.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
