{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399939558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3418349","title":"GRU-Attention Model for Linearizing Millimeter-Wave Transmitters in Vehicle to Satellite Communication Systems","display_name":"GRU-Attention Model for Linearizing Millimeter-Wave Transmitters in Vehicle to Satellite Communication Systems","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399939558","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3418349"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2024.3418349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3418349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045334981","display_name":"Gaoming Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5466-8215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gaoming Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5466-8215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020028428","display_name":"Junshi Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1287-6881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junshi Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1287-6881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102693573","display_name":"Linzhe Miao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Linzhe Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419277","display_name":"Yi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9753-7087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9753-7087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049296936","display_name":"Xiupu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-5397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiupu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-5397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079634787","display_name":"Taijun Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-5290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taijun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2582-5290","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045334981"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7322,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91613361,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"11","first_page":"15992","last_page":"16000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9718999862670898,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13905","display_name":"Telecommunications and Broadcasting Technologies","score":0.9563000202178955,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9276999831199646,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-satellite","display_name":"Communications satellite","score":0.6639764904975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite","display_name":"Satellite","score":0.5980226993560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5784755945205688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.49852633476257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-model","display_name":"Atmospheric model","score":0.4815016984939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4716345965862274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.42595288157463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/millimeter","display_name":"Millimeter","score":0.424544095993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4132574796676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34407660365104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.28229475021362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.18760168552398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16417133808135986}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121308736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149918","display_name":"Communications satellite","level":3,"score":0.6639764904975891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19269812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540","display_name":"Satellite","level":2,"score":0.5980226993560791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5784755945205688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.49852633476257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118365302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817115","display_name":"Atmospheric model","level":2,"score":0.4815016984939575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4716345965862274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.42595288157463074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.424544095993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4132574796676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34407660365104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.28229475021362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.18760168552398682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16417133808135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2024.3418349","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2024.3418349","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3189398224","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4982102283","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62071264","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7519511831","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022Z186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336552","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project of Ningbo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336552","display_name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project of Ningbo","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1970334101","https://openalex.org/W2136141574","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2161181093","https://openalex.org/W2164960051","https://openalex.org/W2171395034","https://openalex.org/W2321237537","https://openalex.org/W2808644149","https://openalex.org/W2883604876","https://openalex.org/W2887807511","https://openalex.org/W2905763506","https://openalex.org/W2945961476","https://openalex.org/W2953596346","https://openalex.org/W3014121089","https://openalex.org/W3155063160","https://openalex.org/W3162281459","https://openalex.org/W3191309868","https://openalex.org/W3210290507","https://openalex.org/W4206408429","https://openalex.org/W4207061750","https://openalex.org/W4212872335","https://openalex.org/W4214918173","https://openalex.org/W4226281858","https://openalex.org/W4245962450","https://openalex.org/W4308339388","https://openalex.org/W4312921686","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6640212811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2317169686","https://openalex.org/W1185324648","https://openalex.org/W2539553997","https://openalex.org/W3159902002","https://openalex.org/W3208155863","https://openalex.org/W2363237216","https://openalex.org/W2033762247","https://openalex.org/W2530392398","https://openalex.org/W2070366004","https://openalex.org/W1997983170"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"with":[1,117,178],"the":[2,27,29,46,49,59,62,77,85,137,145,153,159,166,197,200,206,219],"increasing":[3],"deployment":[4],"of":[5,48,61,79,165,205,218],"vehicle-to-everything":[6],"(V2X)":[7],"communication":[8,30,107,131],"systems,":[9],"wireless":[10,106],"transmitters":[11],"have":[12,94],"been":[13,95],"extensively":[14],"deployed":[15],"in":[16,26,54,75,129,136],"vehicles.":[17],"And":[18],"to":[19,33,84,97,151],"enable":[20],"high-capacity":[21],"and":[22,87,101,126,183],"high-speed":[23],"communications":[24],"everywhere":[25],"world,":[28],"from":[31],"vehicle":[32,56],"satellite":[34,42],"(V2S)":[35],"has":[36,72],"emerged,":[37],"particularly":[38],"utilizing":[39],"high":[40],"throughput":[41],"(HTS)":[43],"technology.":[44],"However,":[45],"nonlinearity":[47,78],"millimeter":[50],"wave":[51],"transmitter":[52],"(mmWT)":[53],"a":[55,112,141,173,179],"ends":[57],"affects":[58],"quality":[60],"V2S":[63,130],"uplink":[64],"transmitted":[65],"signal":[66],"gravely.":[67],"Digital":[68],"predistortion":[69],"(DPD)":[70],"linearization":[71,163],"shown":[73],"promise":[74],"mitigating":[76],"mmWTs.":[80],"In":[81,109],"addition,":[82],"due":[83],"powerful":[86],"complex":[88],"feature":[89],"fitting":[90],"ability,":[91],"neural":[92],"networks":[93],"used":[96],"nonlinear":[98],"behavioral":[99],"model":[100,121,139,155],"DPD":[102],"linearize":[103],"for":[104,124],"broadband":[105],"systems.":[108,132],"this":[110],"work,":[111],"gated":[113],"recurrent":[114],"unit":[115],"(GRU)":[116],"attention":[118,134],"mechanism":[119,135],"(GRU-attention)":[120],"is":[122,149,168,212],"proposed":[123],"modeling":[125,160],"linearizing":[127],"mmWTs":[128],"The":[133,162,192],"GRU-attention":[138,154,167,198],"calculates":[140],"distribution":[142],"matrix":[143],"during":[144],"training":[146],"process,":[147],"which":[148,211],"utilized":[150],"weigh":[152],"parameters,":[156],"thereby":[157],"enhancing":[158],"accuracy.":[161],"performance":[164],"experimentally":[169],"evaluated":[170],"by":[171,208],"using":[172],"Ka-band":[174],"29":[175],"GHz":[176],"mmWT":[177,207],"100":[180],"MHz":[181],"bandwidth":[182],"64":[184],"quadrature":[185],"amplitude":[186],"modulation":[187],"(64-QAM)":[188],"5G":[189],"NR":[190],"signal.":[191],"experimental":[193],"results":[194],"demonstrate":[195],"that":[196,217],"improves":[199],"adjacent":[201],"channel":[202],"power":[203],"ratio":[204],"18":[209],"dB,":[210],"4":[213],"dB":[214],"better":[215],"than":[216],"conventional":[220],"GRU":[221],"model.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-26T23:08:49.675405","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
