{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388018910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3328251","title":"Energy Efficiency Analysis and Optimization for Millimeter-Wave MIMO With Variable-Resolution ADCs","display_name":"Energy Efficiency Analysis and Optimization for Millimeter-Wave MIMO With Variable-Resolution ADCs","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388018910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3328251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3328251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3328251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101750779","display_name":"Hao Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6266-6324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6266-6324","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048802154","display_name":"Danpu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-5209"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danpu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-5209","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005667099","display_name":"Cong Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-8280"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-8280","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101764889","display_name":"Zhilong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-9098"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhilong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-9098","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Laboratory of Advanced Information Network, Beijing Key Laboratory of Network System Architecture and Convergence, School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6062,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67835031,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"3","first_page":"3949","last_page":"3963"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6090176701545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.5356435775756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5006523132324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4999110698699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.4859796464443207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3946465253829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35415688157081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29549628496170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2751423120498657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20048308372497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.0920805037021637}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6090176701545715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5356435775756836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5006523132324219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4999110698699951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.4859796464443207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3946465253829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35415688157081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29549628496170044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2751423120498657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20048308372497559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.0920805037021637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3328251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3328251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G200244127","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"L202003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3266592944","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3461732825","display_name":"\u9ad8\u52a8\u6001\u6beb\u7c73\u6ce2\u7f51\u7edc\u4e2d\u7684\u6ce2\u675f\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u591a\u7ef4\u8d44\u6e90\u534f\u540c\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61971069","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3883341504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023PY05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4872182317","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12171051","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6326945307","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1603403591","https://openalex.org/W1892643793","https://openalex.org/W1931952483","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W2054692642","https://openalex.org/W2072184935","https://openalex.org/W2111953900","https://openalex.org/W2132286607","https://openalex.org/W2142036982","https://openalex.org/W2154319347","https://openalex.org/W2275339208","https://openalex.org/W2321959027","https://openalex.org/W2401453496","https://openalex.org/W2493390539","https://openalex.org/W2509988246","https://openalex.org/W2517686986","https://openalex.org/W2773931725","https://openalex.org/W2781781008","https://openalex.org/W2788136305","https://openalex.org/W2788350651","https://openalex.org/W2790324010","https://openalex.org/W2793941641","https://openalex.org/W2796055306","https://openalex.org/W2896104817","https://openalex.org/W2912359871","https://openalex.org/W2939486175","https://openalex.org/W2942592791","https://openalex.org/W2945696192","https://openalex.org/W2962720842","https://openalex.org/W2962785465","https://openalex.org/W2964023610","https://openalex.org/W2966203180","https://openalex.org/W2981719149","https://openalex.org/W2982081889","https://openalex.org/W3036613541","https://openalex.org/W3089029968","https://openalex.org/W3093038630","https://openalex.org/W3093852227","https://openalex.org/W3098966262","https://openalex.org/W3105846222","https://openalex.org/W3107933136","https://openalex.org/W3142560135","https://openalex.org/W4226193910","https://openalex.org/W4231942831","https://openalex.org/W6713112150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545343974","https://openalex.org/W4291895924","https://openalex.org/W1783583321","https://openalex.org/W2038397443","https://openalex.org/W2941374357","https://openalex.org/W2026727497","https://openalex.org/W4388520214","https://openalex.org/W2164866798","https://openalex.org/W1976502299","https://openalex.org/W2088459095"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"millimeter-wave":[1],"(mmWave)":[2],"massive":[3],"multiple-input":[4],"multiple-output":[5],"(MIMO)":[6],"systems,":[7],"the":[8,24,29,59,66,93,111,127,152,159,168,221,225,231],"surge":[9],"in":[10,63],"hardware":[11],"cost":[12],"and":[13,77,91,146,244],"power":[14,26,147,178],"consumption":[15,27],"poses":[16],"a":[17,38,55,105,117,185,204,240],"huge":[18],"challenge":[19],"to":[20,36,50,249],"green":[21],"communication.":[22],"Considering":[23],"high":[25,39,222],"of":[28,65,69,101,113,120,142,161,213,224],"radio":[30],"frequency":[31],"(RF)":[32],"module,":[33],"we":[34,166,202],"aim":[35],"design":[37],"energy-efficient":[40],"uplink":[41],"multi-users":[42],"(MU)":[43],"communication":[44],"system":[45,154],"by":[46,131],"applying":[47],"variable-resolution":[48],"analog":[49],"digital":[51,79],"converters":[52],"(ADC).":[53],"Firstly,":[54],"closed-form":[56,227],"expression":[57],"for":[58,116,151,200],"spectrum":[60],"efficiency":[61,88],"(SE)":[62],"terms":[64],"quantization":[67,128],"resolution":[68],"ADC":[70,143,197],"is":[71,108,155],"derived":[72,226],"under":[73,98],"hybrid":[74],"beamforming":[75,80],"(HBF)":[76],"fully":[78],"(FDBF)":[81],"architectures,":[82],"respectively.":[83],"We":[84],"find":[85],"explicit":[86],"energy":[87],"(EE)":[89],"expressions":[90],"investigate":[92],"main":[94],"factors":[95],"affecting":[96],"EE":[97,136,232,236,247],"two":[99,172],"kinds":[100],"architectures.":[102],"For":[103],"HBF,":[104],"novel":[106],"finding":[107],"that":[109,208,212],"adding":[110],"number":[112,119],"RF":[114],"chains":[115],"fixed":[118],"transmit":[121],"data":[122],"streams":[123],"can":[124],"effectively":[125],"mitigate":[126],"distortion":[129],"introduced":[130],"low-resolution":[132],"ADCs.":[133],"Furthermore,":[134],"an":[135,189,214],"maximization":[137,237],"problem":[138,170,187],"involving":[139],"joint":[140],"optimization":[141],"bit":[144,198],"selection":[145],"allocation":[148],"between":[149],"MU":[150],"HBF":[153],"formulated.":[156],"Based":[157],"on":[158],"concept":[160],"block":[162],"coordinate":[163],"ascent":[164],"(BCA),":[165],"subdivide":[167],"original":[169],"into":[171],"subproblems.":[173],"The":[174,193,217,234],"first":[175],"subproblem":[176,195],"involves":[177],"allocation,":[179],"which":[180,201,229],"has":[181,239],"been":[182],"reformulated":[183],"as":[184],"convex":[186],"using":[188],"equivalent":[190],"quadratic":[191],"transformation.":[192],"second":[194],"tackles":[196],"selection,":[199],"propose":[203],"low-complexity":[205],"search":[206],"scheme":[207,238],"achieves":[209,245],"performance":[210],"approaching":[211],"exhaustive":[215],"search.":[216],"simulation":[218],"results":[219],"demonstrate":[220],"accuracy":[223],"expression,":[228],"supports":[230],"analysis.":[233],"proposed":[235],"fast":[241],"convergence":[242],"rate":[243],"higher":[246],"compared":[248],"existing":[250],"benchmark":[251],"technologies.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}