{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388407887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3327745","title":"Two-Layer Large Scale Fading Precoding for Cell-Free Massive MIMO: Performance Analysis and Optimization","display_name":"Two-Layer Large Scale Fading Precoding for Cell-Free Massive MIMO: Performance Analysis and Optimization","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388407887","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3327745"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3327745","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3327745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031848335","display_name":"Xu Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-3899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xu Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5178-3899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075509135","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4496-2650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communications Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4496-2650","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communications Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390094","display_name":"Haitao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3539-3532"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3539-3532","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059710405","display_name":"Longxiang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-0177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longxiang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-0177","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755735","display_name":"Hongbo Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-4434"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41198531","display_name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/043bpky34","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-4434","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Wireless Communication Key Lab of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41198531"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72446988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"3","first_page":"3901","last_page":"3916"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.8884503841400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7486913800239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.7212694883346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6191256642341614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6007781624794006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.5287596583366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-mean-square-error","display_name":"Minimum mean square error","score":0.5149708390235901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-forcing-precoding","display_name":"Zero-forcing precoding","score":0.4875180423259735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.451504111289978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.419864684343338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3561793565750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3551639914512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34798145294189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.27681249380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.21666651964187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.15654966235160828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.12538892030715942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.07561641931533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07489922642707825}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.8884503841400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7486913800239563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.7212694883346558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6191256642341614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6007781624794006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.5287596583366394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90652560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11091747","display_name":"Minimum mean square error","level":3,"score":0.5149708390235901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155437304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069444","display_name":"Zero-forcing precoding","level":5,"score":0.4875180423259735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.451504111289978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.419864684343338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3561793565750122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3551639914512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34798145294189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.27681249380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.21666651964187622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.15654966235160828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.12538892030715942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.07561641931533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07489922642707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3327745","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3327745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G269416364","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"92067201","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5827787471","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871446","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G731023801","display_name":"\u9762\u54116G\u7684\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u53bb\u8702\u7a9d\u5927\u89c4\u6a21MIMO\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"62071246","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2013546591","https://openalex.org/W2072184935","https://openalex.org/W2105392125","https://openalex.org/W2116891586","https://openalex.org/W2163762663","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2592341259","https://openalex.org/W2607478241","https://openalex.org/W2610350904","https://openalex.org/W2753160534","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2804119529","https://openalex.org/W2835824805","https://openalex.org/W2839005931","https://openalex.org/W2883707621","https://openalex.org/W2889454423","https://openalex.org/W2907461669","https://openalex.org/W2963151934","https://openalex.org/W2964042011","https://openalex.org/W2964181991","https://openalex.org/W2965123227","https://openalex.org/W2965977336","https://openalex.org/W2968074955","https://openalex.org/W2971415724","https://openalex.org/W2974046131","https://openalex.org/W2985994751","https://openalex.org/W2989824358","https://openalex.org/W2998989360","https://openalex.org/W3009656397","https://openalex.org/W3013648197","https://openalex.org/W3035475152","https://openalex.org/W3080932450","https://openalex.org/W3082453238","https://openalex.org/W3088424958","https://openalex.org/W3100767898","https://openalex.org/W3104746390","https://openalex.org/W3126587450","https://openalex.org/W3152961272","https://openalex.org/W3209298344","https://openalex.org/W4206124306","https://openalex.org/W4210748560","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4297911473","https://openalex.org/W4367663276","https://openalex.org/W4385413333","https://openalex.org/W4386025753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111825998","https://openalex.org/W2326544815","https://openalex.org/W1973158664","https://openalex.org/W1731022149","https://openalex.org/W1996933839","https://openalex.org/W2000226056","https://openalex.org/W4386858283","https://openalex.org/W3190864439","https://openalex.org/W1979957996","https://openalex.org/W1993945082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,22],"this":[1,149],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,14,131],"two-layer":[4,206],"large":[5],"scale":[6],"fading":[7],"precoding":[8,35,106],"(LSFP)":[9],"method":[10,208],"is":[11,172,180],"proposed":[12,57,205],"in":[13,66],"downlink":[15,115],"cell-free":[16],"massive":[17],"multiple-input":[18],"multiple-output":[19],"(mMIMO)":[20],"system.":[21],"the":[23,27,47,51,56,63,70,82,89,100,119,125,152,162,169,177,201,204],"first":[24],"LSFP":[25,49,60,207],"layer,":[26,50],"access":[28],"points":[29],"are":[30,110,145],"responsible":[31],"for":[32,40,46,62,99,174,183],"designing":[33],"distributed":[34,105],"and":[36,80,112,161,199],"power":[37,78,91,140],"control":[38],"coefficients":[39],"each":[41],"user":[42],"equipment":[43],"(UE).":[44],"While":[45,168],"second":[48],"central":[52],"processing":[53],"unit":[54],"performs":[55],"zero":[58],"forcing":[59],"(ZF-LSFP)":[61],"copilot":[64,90,139],"UEs":[65],"order":[67],"to":[68,114,138,147],"mitigate":[69],"interference":[71],"caused":[72],"by":[73],"pilot":[74],"contamination.":[75],"To":[76],"address":[77],"constraints":[79],"enhance":[81],"system's":[83],"spectral":[84],"efficiency":[85],"(SE),":[86],"we":[87,95,129,194],"introduce":[88],"scaling":[92,141],"factors.":[93,142],"Specifically,":[94],"derive":[96],"closed-form":[97,127],"expressions":[98,109],"lower-bound":[101],"achievable":[102],"SE":[103,116,133],"under":[104],"schemes.":[107],"These":[108],"versatile":[111],"applicable":[113],"irrespective":[117],"of":[118,121,203],"availability":[120],"ZF-LSFP.":[122],"Based":[123],"on":[124],"derived":[126],"results,":[128],"formulate":[130],"sum":[132],"maximization":[134],"problem":[135],"with":[136,185],"respect":[137],"Two":[143],"approaches":[144],"designed":[146],"solve":[148],"problem,":[150],"i.e.":[151],"weighted":[153],"minimum":[154],"mean":[155],"square":[156],"error":[157],"(W-MMSE)":[158],"based":[159,166],"approach":[160,171,179],"geometric":[163],"programming":[164],"(GP)":[165],"approach.":[167],"W-MMSE-based":[170],"suitable":[173],"various":[175],"systems,":[176],"GP-based":[178],"specifically":[181],"tailored":[182],"systems":[184],"high":[186],"signal-to-noise":[187],"ratios,":[188],"offering":[189],"fast":[190],"running":[191],"speed.":[192],"Finally,":[193],"validate":[195],"all":[196],"theoretical":[197],"analyses":[198],"assess":[200],"effectiveness":[202],"through":[209],"numerical":[210],"simulations.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
