{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385413343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3300275","title":"Extreme Level Crossing Rate: A New Performance Indicator for URLLC Systems","display_name":"Extreme Level Crossing Rate: A New Performance Indicator for URLLC Systems","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385413343","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3300275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3300275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3300275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053781503","display_name":"Nikolaos I. Miridakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-1405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos I. Miridakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, Aegaleo, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2855-1405","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, Aegaleo, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020442416","display_name":"Theodoros A. Tsiftsis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-3932"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodoros A. Tsiftsis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4856-3932","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011492909","display_name":"Panagiotis Karkazis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4971-826X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Panagiotis A. Karkazis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, Aegaleo, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4971-826X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Computer Engineering, University of West Attica, Aegaleo, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008700225","display_name":"Helen C. Leligou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-1495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094138","display_name":"University of West Attica","ror":"https://ror.org/00r2r5k05","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helen C. Leligou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, Aegaleo, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1489-1495","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Design and Production Engineering, University of West Attica, Aegaleo, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094138"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067157984","display_name":"Fotis Foukalas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-1432"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fotis Foukalas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-1432","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3681,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58747552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"73","issue":"1","first_page":"1358","last_page":"1363"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9926999807357788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-value-theory","display_name":"Extreme value theory","score":0.6514003276824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima-and-minima","display_name":"Maxima and minima","score":0.5216860771179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47739261388778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maxima","display_name":"Maxima","score":0.4754069447517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.43676209449768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.43674615025520325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.419036328792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.38936102390289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37982848286628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.12706097960472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.111350417137146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147581598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729429","display_name":"Extreme value theory","level":2,"score":0.6514003276824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186633575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845060","display_name":"Maxima and minima","level":2,"score":0.5216860771179199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47739261388778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91528185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520952","display_name":"Maxima","level":3,"score":0.4754069447517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.43676209449768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.43674615025520325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.419036328792572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.38936102390289307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37982848286628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.12706097960472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.111350417137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554144382","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213156","display_name":"Performance art","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3300275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3300275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522045078","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W2005581903","https://openalex.org/W2019291268","https://openalex.org/W2036653031","https://openalex.org/W2117989613","https://openalex.org/W2144530859","https://openalex.org/W2146584766","https://openalex.org/W2889398164","https://openalex.org/W2914785290","https://openalex.org/W2963599038","https://openalex.org/W2981878202","https://openalex.org/W2989250322","https://openalex.org/W3035690182","https://openalex.org/W3124407081","https://openalex.org/W3193474598","https://openalex.org/W4220874105","https://openalex.org/W4230207674","https://openalex.org/W4242292805","https://openalex.org/W4313027364"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2050191802","https://openalex.org/W2797691919","https://openalex.org/W2160559052","https://openalex.org/W1973781123","https://openalex.org/W181473267","https://openalex.org/W4232457976","https://openalex.org/W2045975061","https://openalex.org/W1835819466","https://openalex.org/W2156081102","https://openalex.org/W125048092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Level":[0],"crossing":[1],"rate":[2],"(LCR)":[3],"is":[4,10,100],"a":[5,16,46],"well-known":[6],"statistical":[7,85],"tool":[8],"that":[9],"related":[11],"to":[12,77,107],"the":[13,32,42,50,68,73,84,108,124],"duration":[14],"of":[15,34,52,75,87],"random":[17,39],"stationary":[18],"fading":[19],"process":[20],"<italic":[21,35],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[22,36],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">on":[23],"average</i>":[24],".":[25],"In":[26,64],"doing":[27],"so,":[28],"LCR":[29,76,98],"cannot":[30],"capture":[31],"behavior":[33,86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">extremely":[37],"rare</i>":[38],"events.":[40],"Nonetheless,":[41],"latter":[43],"events":[44],"play":[45],"key":[47,119],"role":[48],"in":[49,143],"performance":[51,120],"ultra-reliable":[53],"and":[54,81,103,112,135,152],"low-latency":[55],"communication":[56],"systems":[57],"rather":[58],"than":[59],"their":[60],"average":[61],"(expectation)":[62],"counterparts.":[63],"this":[65,79],"article,":[66],"for":[67],"first":[69],"time,":[70],"we":[71],"extend":[72],"notion":[74],"address":[78],"issue":[80],"sufficiently":[82],"characterize":[83],"extreme":[88,97,109],"maxima":[89],"or":[90],"minima.":[91],"This":[92],"new":[93],"indicator,":[94],"entitled":[95],"as":[96],"(ELCR),":[99],"analytically":[101],"introduced":[102],"evaluated":[104],"by":[105],"resorting":[106],"value":[110],"theory":[111],"risk":[113],"assessment.":[114],"Capitalizing":[115],"on":[116],"ELCR,":[117],"some":[118,158],"metrics":[121],"emerge,":[122],"i.e.,":[123],"maximum":[125,131,136],"outage":[126],"duration,":[127,130],"minimum":[128],"effective":[129],"packet":[132],"error":[133],"rate,":[134],"transmission":[137],"delay.":[138],"They":[139],"are":[140,150,162],"all":[141],"derived":[142],"simple":[144],"closed-form":[145],"expressions.":[146],"The":[147],"theoretical":[148],"results":[149],"cross-compared":[151],"verified":[153],"via":[154],"extensive":[155],"simulations":[156],"whereas":[157],"useful":[159],"engineering":[160],"insights":[161],"manifested.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}