{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4379983894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3284658","title":"Cram\u00e9r-Rao Bounds of Near-Field Positioning Based on Electromagnetic Propagation Model","display_name":"Cram\u00e9r-Rao Bounds of Near-Field Positioning Based on Electromagnetic Propagation Model","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4379983894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3284658"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3284658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3284658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1171457/38770.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100683540","display_name":"Ang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9711-0078"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless Optical Communication, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless Optical Communication, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100379216","display_name":"Li Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1754-0607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless Optical Communication, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless Optical Communication, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102013387","display_name":"Yunfei Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8083-1805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","display_name":"Durham University","ror":"https://ror.org/01v29qb04","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Durham, Durham, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Durham, Durham, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010397043","display_name":"Changsheng You","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3245-9361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changsheng You","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101398114","display_name":"Guo Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9591-888X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guo Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless Optical Communication, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CAS Key Laboratory of Wireless Optical Communication, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420016","display_name":"F. Richard Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Richard Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100683540"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3279,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92782942,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"17"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-field","display_name":"Electric field","score":0.6734712719917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-field","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","score":0.5411734580993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavefront","display_name":"Wavefront","score":0.5350478887557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.5337012410163879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-and-far-field","display_name":"Near and far field","score":0.4915686547756195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.4706539213657379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalar","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","score":0.4599667191505432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4286680221557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.42594262957572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.41776248812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4026244580745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.30331531167030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.28450632095336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2745000720024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19663462042808533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.15008476376533508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.6734712719917297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28843909","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177625","display_name":"Electromagnetic field","level":2,"score":0.5411734580993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165699331","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461533","display_name":"Wavefront","level":2,"score":0.5350478887557983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.5337012410163879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25227671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13405516","display_name":"Near and far field","level":2,"score":0.4915686547756195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.4706539213657379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57691317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289248","display_name":"Scalar (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4599667191505432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4286680221557617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.42594262957572937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.41776248812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4026244580745697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.30331531167030334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.28450632095336914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2745000720024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19663462042808533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.15008476376533508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3284658","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3284658","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:38770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/38770/","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1171457/38770.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196258","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2023 [Peer Reviewed Journal]","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:durham-repository.worktribe.com:1171424","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1171424","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/file/1171424/1/Accepted%20Journal%20Article","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400188","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dro.dur.ac.uk.OAI2:38770","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dro.dur.ac.uk/38770/","pdf_url":"https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1171457/38770.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196258","display_name":"Durham Research Online (Durham University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I190082696","host_organization_name":"Durham University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I190082696"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2023 [Peer Reviewed Journal]","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4379983894.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W1977100243","https://openalex.org/W1984872964","https://openalex.org/W1986724840","https://openalex.org/W1997483434","https://openalex.org/W2015896524","https://openalex.org/W2098421625","https://openalex.org/W2099647334","https://openalex.org/W2104038317","https://openalex.org/W2115485558","https://openalex.org/W2123487169","https://openalex.org/W2124164696","https://openalex.org/W2133549515","https://openalex.org/W2140054070","https://openalex.org/W2143704857","https://openalex.org/W2148916350","https://openalex.org/W2161880830","https://openalex.org/W2300869723","https://openalex.org/W2617211273","https://openalex.org/W2622044750","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2736115624","https://openalex.org/W2776656643","https://openalex.org/W2808128011","https://openalex.org/W2878329596","https://openalex.org/W2952066149","https://openalex.org/W2953984813","https://openalex.org/W2955897898","https://openalex.org/W2963673880","https://openalex.org/W3013311142","https://openalex.org/W3041653465","https://openalex.org/W3042148848","https://openalex.org/W3043945754","https://openalex.org/W3084857938","https://openalex.org/W3099679786","https://openalex.org/W3118514023","https://openalex.org/W3121435115","https://openalex.org/W3164550829","https://openalex.org/W3188236023","https://openalex.org/W3206094445","https://openalex.org/W3213225772","https://openalex.org/W4214838444","https://openalex.org/W4226370247","https://openalex.org/W4285271070","https://openalex.org/W4311544565","https://openalex.org/W4312361655","https://openalex.org/W4313270783"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2108497790","https://openalex.org/W2047489700","https://openalex.org/W2053110192","https://openalex.org/W2012708622","https://openalex.org/W2624844140","https://openalex.org/W3134448187","https://openalex.org/W4387559495","https://openalex.org/W4389204234","https://openalex.org/W1971660093","https://openalex.org/W2609368280"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,129],"adoption":[1],"of":[2,131,168,201,204,226,236,242],"large-scale":[3],"antenna":[4,171],"arrays":[5],"at":[6],"high-frequency":[7],"bands":[8],"is":[9,27,103,121,158,207,244],"widely":[10],"envisioned":[11],"in":[12],"the":[13,21,25,47,52,61,107,117,125,132,156,163,169,174,180,189,199,216,220,224,237],"beyond":[14],"5G":[15],"wireless":[16],"networks.":[17],"This":[18],"leads":[19],"to":[20,60,123,160,179,214],"near-field":[22,48,74],"regime":[23],"where":[24],"wavefront":[26,57],"no":[28],"longer":[29],"planar":[30],"but":[31],"spherical,":[32],"bringing":[33],"new":[34],"opportunities":[35],"and":[36,40,64,95,198,218,240],"challenges":[37],"for":[38,81,134],"communications":[39],"positioning.":[41],"In":[42,186],"this":[43,187],"paper,":[44],"we":[45],"improve":[46],"positioning":[49,75],"technology":[50],"from":[51],"classical":[53],"<italic":[54,66,87,91,96],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[55,67,88,92,97],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">spherical":[56],"model</i>":[58,70],"(SWM)":[59],"more":[62],"accurate":[63],"true":[65],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">electromagnetic":[68],"propagation":[69,144],"(EPM).":[71],"A":[72],"generic":[73],"model":[76],"with":[77,146,182],"different":[78,135,202,227],"observation":[79],"capabilities":[80],"three":[82,112],"electric":[83,100,114,136,193,231],"field":[84,115,137,194,232],"types":[85,195],"(":[86],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">vector</i>":[89],",":[90,94],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">scalar</i>":[93],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">overall":[98],"scalar":[99],"field</i>":[101],")":[102],"developed":[104],"based":[105],"on":[106,162],"complete":[108],"EPM.":[109],"For":[110],"these":[111],"observed":[113],"types,":[116],"Cram\u00e9r-Rao":[118],"bound":[119],"(CRB)":[120],"adopted":[122],"evaluate":[124],"achievable":[126],"estimation":[127,147],"accuracy.":[128],"expressions":[130,150],"CRBs":[133,190,217],"observations":[138],"are":[139,177,196,212],"derived":[140,197],"by":[141],"combining":[142],"electromagnetic":[143],"concepts":[145],"theory.":[148],"Closed-form":[149],"can":[151],"be":[152,161],"further":[153],"obtained":[154],"as":[155],"terminal":[157],"assumed":[159],"central":[164],"perpendicular":[165],"line":[166],"(CPL)":[167],"receiving":[170,184,205,238],"surface.":[172],"Moreover,":[173],"above":[175],"discussions":[176],"extended":[178],"system":[181,228],"multiple":[183],"antennas.":[185],"case,":[188],"using":[191],"various":[192],"effect":[200],"numbers":[203],"antennas":[206],"deeply":[208],"investigated.":[209],"Numerical":[210],"results":[211],"provided":[213],"quantify":[215],"validate":[219],"analytical":[221],"results.":[222],"Also,":[223],"impact":[225],"parameters,":[229],"including":[230],"type,":[233],"wavelength,":[234],"size":[235],"antenna,":[239],"number":[241],"antennas,":[243],"evaluated.":[245]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-11T14:59:36.786465","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}