{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4367032219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3269805","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Secrecy Energy Efficiency Maximization in RIS-Assisted Networks","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Secrecy Energy Efficiency Maximization in RIS-Assisted Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4367032219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3269805"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3269805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3269805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444208","display_name":"Yichi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-3001-7384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yichi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000004323","display_name":"Yang Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3519-4488"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049587970","display_name":"Ruichen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6859-3645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruichen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Information Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Information Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Railway Traffic Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620739","display_name":"Bo Ai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6850-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100444208"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.623,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96711505,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"9","first_page":"12413","last_page":"12418"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9733999967575073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9524999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7869894504547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.7322617769241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.6810836791992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6374492049217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.570654034614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5528506636619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.5399579405784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.4601510167121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/secrecy","display_name":"Secrecy","score":0.43634361028671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.3996809720993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3512180745601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1516905426979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14614897966384888}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7869894504547119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.7322617769241333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.6810836791992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6374492049217224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.570654034614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5528506636619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5399579405784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4601510167121887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776452267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1503443","display_name":"Secrecy","level":2,"score":0.43634361028671265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3996809720993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3512180745601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1516905426979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14614897966384888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3269805","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3269805","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/170813","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/170813","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3626211780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5331489779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62221001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5379454894","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BX2021031","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6520201504","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Z211100002121139","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","funder_display_name":"Beijing Nova Program"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7161117493","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021M690342","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8234572895","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021RC204","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334978","display_name":"Beijing Nova Program","ror":"https://ror.org/034k14f91"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2894971761","https://openalex.org/W2925554975","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2969195240","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3020513938","https://openalex.org/W3109039904","https://openalex.org/W3152174397","https://openalex.org/W3159402647","https://openalex.org/W3161565715","https://openalex.org/W3192674192","https://openalex.org/W3207252949","https://openalex.org/W3214162137","https://openalex.org/W3216609622","https://openalex.org/W3217298619","https://openalex.org/W4226019069","https://openalex.org/W4318586180"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2493929861","https://openalex.org/W2016567611","https://openalex.org/W2475541339","https://openalex.org/W565335793","https://openalex.org/W2363071176","https://openalex.org/W2107199751","https://openalex.org/W2315999538","https://openalex.org/W187740018","https://openalex.org/W2162286586","https://openalex.org/W4255368532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,11,31,38,42,45,55,60,66,75,91,116,118,122],"deep":[4],"reinforcement":[5],"learning":[6],"(DRL)":[7],"for":[8,63,70],"maximization":[9,24],"of":[10,30,34,41,50,125],"secrecy":[12],"energy":[13],"efficiency":[14],"(SEE)":[15],"in":[16],"reconfigurable":[17],"intelligent":[18],"surface":[19],"(RIS)-assisted":[20],"networks.":[21],"An":[22],"SEE":[23],"problem":[25,81],"is":[26,82],"formulated":[27],"under":[28,103],"constraints":[29],"rate":[32],"requirement":[33],"each":[35,51],"(legitimate)":[36],"user,":[37],"power":[39],"budget":[40],"transmitter":[43],"and":[44,65,97,100,121],"discrete":[46],"phase":[47,76],"shift":[48,77],"coefficient":[49],"reflecting":[52],"element":[53],"at":[54],"RIS":[56],"by":[57],"jointly":[58],"optimizing":[59],"beamforming":[61],"vectors":[62,69],"users":[64],"artificial":[67],"noise":[68],"eavesdroppers":[71],"as":[72,74],"well":[73],"matrix.":[78],"The":[79],"considered":[80],"first":[83],"reformulated":[84],"into":[85],"a":[86,104],"Markov":[87],"decision":[88],"process":[89],"with":[90],"designed":[92],"state":[93],"space,":[94],"action":[95],"space":[96],"reward":[98],"function,":[99],"then":[101],"solved":[102],"proximal":[105],"policy":[106],"optimization":[107],"(PPO)":[108],"framework.":[109],"Numerical":[110],"results":[111],"are":[112],"provided":[113],"to":[114],"evaluate":[115],"optimality,":[117],"generalization":[119],"performance":[120],"running":[123],"time":[124],"proposed":[126],"PPO-based":[127],"algorithm.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
