{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4365790502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3266831","title":"Standalone-Intelligent Reflecting Surface Control Method Using Hierarchical Exploration by Beamwidth Expansion and Environment-Adaptive Codebook","display_name":"Standalone-Intelligent Reflecting Surface Control Method Using Hierarchical Exploration by Beamwidth Expansion and Environment-Adaptive Codebook","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4365790502","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3266831"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3266831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3266831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007379179","display_name":"Ryuhei Hibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8814-0558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryuhei Hibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8814-0558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101772913","display_name":"Yuichi Kawamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5290-6520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuichi Kawamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5290-6520","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013311265","display_name":"Nei Kato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-302X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nei Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8769-302X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Information Sciences (GSIS), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1614,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77558257,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"9","first_page":"11990","last_page":"12000"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamwidth","display_name":"Beamwidth","score":0.8043789267539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/codebook","display_name":"Codebook","score":0.7392882108688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.6769248843193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6558988690376282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5952281355857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5719603896141052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5433148145675659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5269238352775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5058748126029968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-experience","display_name":"Quality of experience","score":0.4692031741142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.46489137411117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4604658782482147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4471186697483063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-channel","display_name":"Control channel","score":0.42925554513931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.3027609586715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.22330841422080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1454709768295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11919108033180237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190060920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4876232","display_name":"Beamwidth","level":3,"score":0.8043789267539978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127759330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q637416","display_name":"Codebook","level":2,"score":0.7392882108688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.6769248843193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6558988690376282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5952281355857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5719603896141052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5433148145675659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5269238352775574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5058748126029968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132648","display_name":"Quality of experience","level":3,"score":0.4692031741142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.46489137411117554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4604658782482147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4471186697483063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157607044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165851","display_name":"Control channel","level":3,"score":0.42925554513931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.3027609586715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.22330841422080994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1454709768295288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11919108033180237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2023.3266831","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2023.3266831","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1974513581","https://openalex.org/W1975764748","https://openalex.org/W2021179524","https://openalex.org/W2031858701","https://openalex.org/W2044385457","https://openalex.org/W2057605239","https://openalex.org/W2058401212","https://openalex.org/W2072641892","https://openalex.org/W2138020668","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2306644740","https://openalex.org/W2522427587","https://openalex.org/W2596636257","https://openalex.org/W2790078981","https://openalex.org/W2910597635","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2963355537","https://openalex.org/W2963775970","https://openalex.org/W3019913914","https://openalex.org/W3021225717","https://openalex.org/W3021564798","https://openalex.org/W3021587675","https://openalex.org/W3039402952","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3043953517","https://openalex.org/W3092592393","https://openalex.org/W3115103619","https://openalex.org/W3121978485","https://openalex.org/W3159402647","https://openalex.org/W3185633397","https://openalex.org/W4205109852","https://openalex.org/W4205375235","https://openalex.org/W4283817748","https://openalex.org/W4288391473","https://openalex.org/W4289538036","https://openalex.org/W4296437982","https://openalex.org/W4320029333","https://openalex.org/W6644096240"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2293149949","https://openalex.org/W3133309669","https://openalex.org/W2087159119","https://openalex.org/W2589070551","https://openalex.org/W2026099691","https://openalex.org/W4284672201","https://openalex.org/W2377486419","https://openalex.org/W1613226384","https://openalex.org/W2943202426","https://openalex.org/W4214917784"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"reflecting":[1],"surfaces":[2],"(IRS)":[3],"have":[4],"garnered":[5],"attention":[6],"for":[7,94,130,174],"the":[8,39,46,53,73,82,85,127,139,146,153,160,195,202],"high-capacity":[9],"and":[10,26,42,62,76,135,165,177,198],"reliable":[11],"communication":[12,156,199],"required":[13,129],"by":[14,132,205],"Beyond":[15],"5G.":[16],"However,":[17,87],"IRS":[18],"control":[19,27,95,111,204],"in":[20,106,126,138],"existing":[21,107],"studies":[22],"assumes":[23],"information":[24,93],"sharing":[25],"instructions":[28],"from":[29],"base":[30],"stations":[31],"(BSs),":[32],"thus":[33],"requiring":[34],"a":[35,49,66,88,123,136],"backhaul":[36],"link":[37],"to":[38,80,144,151,159],"core":[40,74],"network":[41,50,75],"BSs.":[43],"This":[44],"requires":[45],"construction":[47,181],"of":[48,55,72,84,148,155,162,201],"system,":[51],"ruining":[52],"advantages":[54],"IRS,":[56],"such":[57,97,113],"as":[58,98,114,187],"its":[59],"low":[60],"cost":[61],"installation":[63],"flexibility.":[64],"Therefore,":[65],"standalone-IRS,":[67],"which":[68,102],"is":[69,78,103],"completely":[70],"independent":[71],"BSs,":[77],"expected":[79],"maximize":[81],"performance":[83],"IRS.":[86],"standalone-IRS":[89,203],"cannot":[90],"obtain":[91],"sufficient":[92],"decisions,":[96],"channel":[99],"state":[100],"information,":[101],"frequently":[104],"used":[105],"studies;":[108],"therefore,":[109],"inefficient":[110],"methods,":[112],"exploration,":[115],"must":[116],"be":[117],"used.":[118],"Thus,":[119],"this":[120,191],"study":[121],"proposes":[122],"significant":[124],"reduction":[125,137,197],"overhead":[128,196],"exploration":[131,134,140,164,176],"hierarchical":[133,163,175],"itself":[141],"using":[142],"codebooks":[143],"store":[145],"results":[147],"exploration.":[149],"Furthermore,":[150],"prevent":[152],"degradation":[154],"quality":[157,200],"owing":[158],"use":[161],"codebooks,":[166],"we":[167,193],"propose":[168],"an":[169,178],"effective":[170],"beamwidth":[171],"expansion":[172],"method":[173,182],"efficient":[179],"codebook":[180],"based":[183],"on":[184],"user":[185],"distribution":[186],"elemental":[188],"methods.":[189],"In":[190],"study,":[192],"evaluated":[194],"combining":[206],"these":[207],"methods":[208],"through":[209],"simulations.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}