{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4310501683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3224967","title":"Secure Outage Analysis of RIS-Assisted Communications With Discrete Phase Control","display_name":"Secure Outage Analysis of RIS-Assisted Communications With Discrete Phase Control","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4310501683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3224967"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3224967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3224967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04261257/document","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042796718","display_name":"Wei Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9209-4777"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","SEU - Nanjing Southeast University (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, 210096 Jiangsu, Nanjing - China)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9209-4777","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEU - Nanjing Southeast University (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, 210096 Jiangsu, Nanjing - China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040590707","display_name":"Jindan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4090-6478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jindan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","SUTD - Singapore University of Technology and Design (Singapore)","SEU - Nanjing Southeast University (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, 210096 Jiangsu, Nanjing - China)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4090-6478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUTD - Singapore University of Technology and Design (Singapore)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEU - Nanjing Southeast University (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, 210096 Jiangsu, Nanjing - China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013867024","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","Zhengzhou University (No.100 Science Avenue,\r\nZhengzhou City, Henan Province - China)","SEU - Nanjing Southeast University (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, 210096 Jiangsu, Nanjing - China)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8382","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University (No.100 Science Avenue,\r\nZhengzhou City, Henan Province - China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEU - Nanjing Southeast University (2 Sipailou Street, Xuanwu District, 210096 Jiangsu, Nanjing - China)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081612175","display_name":"Marco Di Renzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-8793"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097418","display_name":"Laboratoire des signaux et syst\u00e8mes","ror":"https://ror.org/00skw9v43","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210097418","https://openalex.org/I4210107720"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Di Renzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes, 3 Rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0772-8793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire des Signaux et Systèmes, 3 Rue Joliot-Curie, Gif-sur-Yvette, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I4210097418"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036568860","display_name":"Chunming Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-7322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-7322","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.276,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93234385,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"72","issue":"4","first_page":"5435","last_page":"5440"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12989","display_name":"Ocular Disorders and Treatments","score":0.9840999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/notation","display_name":"Notation","score":0.6215088367462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.45004236698150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-notation","display_name":"Mathematical notation","score":0.43946000933647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-mathematics","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","score":0.4329964220523834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.42801836133003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.4233029782772064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.4145504832267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3910670578479767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3784398138523102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3704907298088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.16784390807151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14812299609184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.14769583940505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11972185969352722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45357846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001982","display_name":"Notation","level":2,"score":0.6215088367462158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.45004236698150635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24457124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140046","display_name":"Mathematical notation","level":3,"score":0.43946000933647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118615104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121416","display_name":"Discrete mathematics","level":1,"score":0.4329964220523834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.42801836133003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4233029782772064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4145504832267761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3910670578479767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3784398138523102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3704907298088074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.16784390807151794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14812299609184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.14769583940505981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11972185969352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3224967","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3224967","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04261257v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04261257","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04261257/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2023, 72 (4), pp.5435-5440. ⟨10.1109/TVT.2022.3224967⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04261257v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04261257","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04261257/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","host_organization_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2023, 72 (4), pp.5435-5440. ⟨10.1109/TVT.2022.3224967⟩","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6546769403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G977737210","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62211530108","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310501683.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4310501683.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W958993015","https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W1977283868","https://openalex.org/W2110341523","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W2950680381","https://openalex.org/W2957915633","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3005112765","https://openalex.org/W3038342299","https://openalex.org/W3040918692","https://openalex.org/W3043220753","https://openalex.org/W3088768990","https://openalex.org/W3089065083","https://openalex.org/W3096339934","https://openalex.org/W3108467803","https://openalex.org/W3127395311","https://openalex.org/W3134105517","https://openalex.org/W3134459480","https://openalex.org/W3134980136","https://openalex.org/W3136114665","https://openalex.org/W3199036959","https://openalex.org/W3199166544","https://openalex.org/W4229452920"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968256718","https://openalex.org/W2393607213","https://openalex.org/W2495832077","https://openalex.org/W2278797713","https://openalex.org/W98357545","https://openalex.org/W977407476","https://openalex.org/W4249487612","https://openalex.org/W2624682093","https://openalex.org/W4280602899","https://openalex.org/W4239038871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"correspondence":[1],"investigates":[2],"a":[3,30,52,55,76],"reconfigurable":[4],"intelligent":[5],"surface":[6],"(RIS)-assisted":[7],"wireless":[8],"communication":[9],"system":[10],"with":[11,177],"security":[12],"threats.":[13],"The":[14,71],"RIS":[15,163,176],"is":[16,73,102,118,156],"deployed":[17],"to":[18,29,113,185],"enhance":[19],"the":[20,26,35,38,43,47,59,62,69,79,90,105,114,139,160,169,187],"secrecy":[21],"outage":[22],"probability":[23],"(SOP)":[24],"of":[25,37,64,78,81,92,110,162,174,189],"data":[27],"sent":[28],"legitimate":[31,44],"user.":[32],"By":[33],"deriving":[34],"distributions":[36],"received":[39],"signal-to-noise-ratios":[40],"(SNRs)":[41],"at":[42,68],"user":[45],"and":[46,89],"eavesdropper,":[48],"we":[49,136],"formulate,":[50],"in":[51,108],"closed-form":[53],"expression,":[54],"tight":[56],"bound":[57],"for":[58,120],"SOP":[60,72,111,140,171],"under":[61],"constraint":[63],"discrete":[65,93,115],"phase":[66,94,116,144,179],"control":[67,117],"RIS.":[70],"characterized":[74],"as":[75,172],"function":[77],"number":[80,91,161],"antenna":[82],"elements,":[83],"$N$":[87,125],",":[88,152],"choices,":[95],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2^{b}$":[99],".":[100,133],"It":[101,155],"revealed":[103],"that":[104,158,173],"performance":[106],"loss":[107,141],"terms":[109],"due":[112],"ignorable":[119],"large":[121],"when":[126,142],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$b":[130,150],"\\geq":[131],"3$":[132],"In":[134],"addition,":[135],"explicitly":[137],"quantify":[138],"binary":[143],"shifts,":[145],"i.e.,":[146],"=1$":[151],"are":[153,183],"utilized.":[154],"found":[157],"increasing":[159],"elements":[164],"by":[165],"1.6":[166],"times":[167],"provides":[168],"same":[170],"an":[175],"continuous-valued":[178],"shifts.":[180],"Numerical":[181],"simulations":[182],"conducted":[184],"verify":[186],"accuracy":[188],"these":[190],"theoretical":[191],"observations.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":15}],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}