{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4289536824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3195769","title":"Real-Time Energy Management for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Heuristic Search","display_name":"Real-Time Energy Management for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Heuristic Search","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4289536824","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3195769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3195769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3195769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017866382","display_name":"Ningkang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4615-9765"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ningkang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4615-9765","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060648268","display_name":"Lijin Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7249-0331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110931","display_name":"Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02557nd11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110931"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lijin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7249-0331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110931","https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100299426","display_name":"Changle Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5424-1670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changle Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387593","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5826-3271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110931","display_name":"Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02557nd11","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110931"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5826-3271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Research Institute (Jinan), Beijing Institute of Technology, Jinan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110931","https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045302363","display_name":"Tian Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tian Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China North Vehicle Research Institute, Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029251697","display_name":"Shumin Ruan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1760-1465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shumin Ruan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mechanical Engineering and the National Key Lab of Vehicular Transmission, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017866382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0321,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86619522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"12","first_page":"12635","last_page":"12647"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.7160871624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6625642776489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.6611034870147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5459127426147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5443285703659058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.5100226998329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.493158757686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.47336050868034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/q-learning","display_name":"Q-learning","score":0.4714946150779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.46986469626426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4641152024269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.4526970684528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.4501134157180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4492543637752533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.3651210367679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.33051952719688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22719630599021912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1990191638469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1500682532787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13932189345359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.12623345851898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.09868311882019043}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.7160871624946594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6625642776489258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.6611034870147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5459127426147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5443285703659058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.5100226998329163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.493158757686615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.47336050868034363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188116033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2664563","display_name":"Q-learning","level":3,"score":0.4714946150779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.46986469626426697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4641152024269104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.4526970684528351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.4501134157180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4492543637752533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.3651210367679596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.33051952719688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22719630599021912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1990191638469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1500682532787323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13932189345359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.12623345851898193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.09868311882019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3195769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3195769","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2007502877","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52130512","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008791002","https://openalex.org/W2020244582","https://openalex.org/W2029515813","https://openalex.org/W2046241166","https://openalex.org/W2135137731","https://openalex.org/W2769605893","https://openalex.org/W2793435266","https://openalex.org/W2801441281","https://openalex.org/W2897130651","https://openalex.org/W2908560069","https://openalex.org/W2945493933","https://openalex.org/W2970566041","https://openalex.org/W2971254261","https://openalex.org/W2974005385","https://openalex.org/W2989891288","https://openalex.org/W3009193590","https://openalex.org/W3016108035","https://openalex.org/W3028502345","https://openalex.org/W3046098749","https://openalex.org/W3048206271","https://openalex.org/W3096018999","https://openalex.org/W3113174134","https://openalex.org/W3124819130","https://openalex.org/W3134389734","https://openalex.org/W3138954248","https://openalex.org/W3175210681","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4251956438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389475841","https://openalex.org/W2808418668","https://openalex.org/W4241327272","https://openalex.org/W2120406836","https://openalex.org/W1996214847","https://openalex.org/W2903299703","https://openalex.org/W2101748387","https://openalex.org/W4211224558","https://openalex.org/W2117282672","https://openalex.org/W1574958246"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"solve":[1],"air":[2],"pollution":[3],"problems":[4],"and":[5,22,133,145,164,181,201,208,230],"reduce":[6],"energy":[7,24],"costs,":[8],"hybrid":[9],"electric":[10],"vehicles":[11],"(HEV)":[12],"are":[13,28,65,188],"applied":[14],"for":[15,30,45,108,117],"larger":[16],"scale":[17],"as":[18,149],"a":[19,38,46,84,109,115,140,150,191,221],"superior":[20],"solution":[21],"their":[23],"management":[25],"strategies":[26],"(EMS)":[27],"essential":[29],"achieving":[31],"higher":[32],"fuel":[33,216],"efficiency.":[34],"This":[35],"paper":[36],"proposes":[37],"reinforcement":[39],"learning":[40,128],"(RL)":[41],"based":[42],"real-time":[43,134,167,231],"EMS":[44],"HEV,":[47],"which":[48,75,92,158,225],"requires":[49],"no":[50],"prior":[51],"knowledge":[52,96],"of":[53,175,184,194],"the":[54,61,78,98,127,155,161,166,171,173,176,182,185],"future":[55],"driving":[56,63,120],"conditions.":[57],"First,":[58],"considering":[59],"that":[60],"practical":[62],"conditions":[64],"mutative,":[66],"an":[67,105,118],"online":[68,148],"recursive":[69,177],"Markov":[70,178],"Chain":[71,179],"model":[72,180],"is":[73,90,130,142,146,206],"constructed,":[74],"can":[76,136,159],"depict":[77],"stochastic":[79],"environment":[80],"more":[81,215],"accurately.":[82],"Then,":[83,190],"novel":[85],"RL":[86,124],"framework,":[87],"heuristic":[88,151,186,195],"search,":[89,196],"introduced,":[91],"means":[93],"using":[94],"extra":[95],"in":[97,220],"search":[99,156],"process.":[100],"It":[101],"aims":[102],"to":[103,153],"find":[104],"optimal":[106],"action":[107],"specific":[110],"state":[111],"rather":[112],"than":[113],"learn":[114],"policy":[116],"entire":[119],"cycle":[121],"like":[122],"traditional":[123],"algorithms.":[125],"Consequently,":[126],"process":[129],"significantly":[131],"efficient":[132],"optimization":[135],"be":[137],"realized.":[138],"Moreover,":[139],"Q-table":[141],"learned":[143],"offline,":[144],"used":[147],"function":[152,187],"direct":[154],"process,":[157],"accelerate":[160],"convergence":[162],"rate":[163],"improve":[165],"performance":[168,229],"further.":[169],"In":[170],"simulation,":[172],"effectiveness":[174],"superiority":[183],"verified.":[189],"comparative":[192],"simulation":[193],"Q-learning,":[197],"dynamic":[198],"programming":[199],"(DP)":[200],"equivalent":[202],"consumption":[203],"minimization":[204],"strategy":[205],"conducted":[207],"evaluated.":[209],"The":[210],"proposed":[211],"method":[212],"consumes":[213],"1.63%":[214],"compared":[217],"with":[218],"DP":[219],"totally":[222],"unknown":[223],"cycle,":[224],"demonstrates":[226],"its":[227],"control":[228],"capability.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
