{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4286656274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3188829","title":"Finite Blocklength Covert Communications: When the Warden Wants to Detect the Communications Quickly","display_name":"Finite Blocklength Covert Communications: When the Warden Wants to Detect the Communications Quickly","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4286656274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3188829"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3188829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3188829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000752951","display_name":"Rui Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8501-496X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041708941","display_name":"Bangning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6670-7426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bangning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074512155","display_name":"Daoxing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1544-6921"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daoxing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100452902","display_name":"Haichao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6551-908X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haichao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076455133","display_name":"Guoru Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1780-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoru Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000752951"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68770214,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"10","first_page":"11278","last_page":"11283"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7615236043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6489400863647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5889731645584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5163425207138062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice-and-bob","display_name":"Alice and Bob","score":0.5138645172119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constraint","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","score":0.5090360045433044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.42756104469299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter-power-output","display_name":"Transmitter power output","score":0.4158550798892975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.411964476108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37719449400901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice","display_name":"Alice (programming language)","score":0.3030390739440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20191049575805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19481471180915833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17083615064620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1702234447002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.10324820876121521}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7615236043930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6489400863647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5889731645584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5163425207138062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649676","display_name":"Alice and Bob","level":3,"score":0.5138645172119141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776036281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48769818","display_name":"Constraint (computer-aided design)","level":2,"score":0.5090360045433044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.42756104469299316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65422117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q358527","display_name":"Transmitter power output","level":4,"score":0.4158550798892975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.411964476108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37719449400901794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778222013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136926","display_name":"Alice (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3030390739440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20191049575805664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19481471180915833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17083615064620972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1702234447002411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.10324820876121521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3188829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3188829","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8100000023841858,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G157886057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61931011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7531191085","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U20B2038","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8145678639","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871398","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581334404","https://openalex.org/W2012037220","https://openalex.org/W2019770836","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2269066968","https://openalex.org/W2585414502","https://openalex.org/W2808367635","https://openalex.org/W2809857136","https://openalex.org/W2888977140","https://openalex.org/W2893082680","https://openalex.org/W2947179957","https://openalex.org/W2950582173","https://openalex.org/W2961568328","https://openalex.org/W2963386155","https://openalex.org/W2964286662","https://openalex.org/W2973495026","https://openalex.org/W2981443503","https://openalex.org/W3102424709","https://openalex.org/W3127381920","https://openalex.org/W3167837530","https://openalex.org/W3193804826","https://openalex.org/W3215230729","https://openalex.org/W4299432846"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W59120657","https://openalex.org/W1765977934","https://openalex.org/W3091795725","https://openalex.org/W2325128397","https://openalex.org/W1531121096","https://openalex.org/W2384509413","https://openalex.org/W2995861515","https://openalex.org/W3193940080","https://openalex.org/W2139615693","https://openalex.org/W2121601714"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"If":[0],"it":[1],"is":[2,76],"necessary":[3],"to":[4,101,122],"punish":[5],"the":[6,20,23,27,34,43,62,66,73,83,90,103,109,114,123,133,141,144],"legitimate":[7],"transmitter":[8],"Alice":[9,107,120],"in":[10,26,39,65],"time,":[11],"warden":[12],"Willie":[13,49],"must":[14],"make":[15],"a":[16,51,77],"corresponding":[17],"decision":[18],"before":[19],"end":[21],"of":[22,36,89,93,119],"transmission.":[24],"Therefore,":[25],"binary":[28],"hypothesis":[29],"test":[30,57],"framework,":[31,69],"we":[32,47,70,112],"consider":[33,48],"timeliness":[35],"Willie\u2019s":[37],"detection":[38,68],"covert":[40,84,96,124,135],"communications":[41,97],"for":[42],"first":[44],"time.":[45],"Specifically,":[46],"adopting":[50],"truncated":[52],"one-sided":[53],"sequential":[54],"probability":[55],"ratio":[56],"(TOSPRT).":[58],"By":[59],"analogy":[60],"with":[61],"KL":[63],"divergence":[64],"FSS":[67],"demonstrate":[71],"that":[72,132],"Chernoff":[74],"information":[75,136],"correct":[78],"and":[79,108,117,128],"reasonable":[80],"metric":[81],"as":[82],"constraint.":[85,125],"The":[86],"key":[87],"indicators":[88],"three-node":[91],"model":[92],"finite":[94],"blocklength":[95,118,142],"are":[98],"analyzed.":[99],"Further,":[100],"maximize":[102],"communication":[104],"rate":[105],"between":[106],"receiver":[110],"Bob,":[111],"optimize":[113],"transmission":[115],"power":[116],"subject":[121],"Theoretical":[126],"analysis":[127],"simulation":[129],"results":[130],"show":[131],"maximum":[134],"can":[137],"be":[138],"transmitted":[139],"when":[140],"reaches":[143],"maximum.":[145]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
