{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3116003114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3182411","title":"Warping of Radar Data Into Camera Image for Cross-Modal Supervision in Automotive Applications","display_name":"Warping of Radar Data Into Camera Image for Cross-Modal Supervision in Automotive Applications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3116003114","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3182411","mag":"3116003114"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3182411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3182411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.12809","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102993949","display_name":"Christopher Grimm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5924-9797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I454632","display_name":"Hella (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5z9p32","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Grimm","raw_affiliation_strings":["HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5924-9797","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011691028","display_name":"Tai Fei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4789-4190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I454632","display_name":"Hella (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5z9p32","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tai Fei","raw_affiliation_strings":["HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4789-4190","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024780728","display_name":"Ernst Warsitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I454632","display_name":"Hella (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5z9p32","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernst Warsitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045097475","display_name":"Ridha Farhoud","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I454632","display_name":"Hella (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5z9p32","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ridha Farhoud","raw_affiliation_strings":["HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002381129","display_name":"Tobias Breddermann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-6239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I454632","display_name":"Hella (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5z9p32","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tobias Breddermann","raw_affiliation_strings":["HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9791-6239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HELLA GmbH & Co. KGaA, Lippstadt, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I454632"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082075598","display_name":"Reinhold Haeb\u2010Umbach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9468-7330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206945453","display_name":"Paderborn University","ror":"https://ror.org/058kzsd48","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reinhold Haeb-Umbach","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Engineering, Paderborn University, Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9468-7330","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Engineering, Paderborn University, Paderborn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206945453"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.2273,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96137883,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"9","first_page":"9435","last_page":"9449"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-warping","display_name":"Image warping","score":0.7846506834030151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7405791282653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7363500595092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6924362778663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.5888131856918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5038143992424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar","display_name":"Lidar","score":0.49861955642700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar-imaging","display_name":"Radar imaging","score":0.4762454330921173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.26429659128189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.08978161215782166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157202957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659609","display_name":"Image warping","level":2,"score":0.7846506834030151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7405791282653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7363500595092773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6924362778663635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.5888131856918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5038143992424011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.49861955642700195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.4762454330921173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.26429659128189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.08978161215782166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3182411","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3182411","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.12809","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.12809","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.12809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2012.12809","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.12809","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2012.12809","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W603908379","https://openalex.org/W1498891331","https://openalex.org/W1597254465","https://openalex.org/W1673310716","https://openalex.org/W1739831360","https://openalex.org/W1896525902","https://openalex.org/W1906757087","https://openalex.org/W1921093919","https://openalex.org/W2042243448","https://openalex.org/W2084139689","https://openalex.org/W2108069432","https://openalex.org/W2109945199","https://openalex.org/W2111705437","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2129448347","https://openalex.org/W2131874588","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2162654459","https://openalex.org/W2340897893","https://openalex.org/W2397830550","https://openalex.org/W2412591681","https://openalex.org/W2431874326","https://openalex.org/W2576544140","https://openalex.org/W2582666574","https://openalex.org/W2609883120","https://openalex.org/W2715732702","https://openalex.org/W2764034829","https://openalex.org/W2765634256","https://openalex.org/W2781228439","https://openalex.org/W2782522152","https://openalex.org/W2783041149","https://openalex.org/W2799062425","https://openalex.org/W2899467849","https://openalex.org/W2939777271","https://openalex.org/W2945005333","https://openalex.org/W2948553538","https://openalex.org/W2949907962","https://openalex.org/W2952825894","https://openalex.org/W2962867954","https://openalex.org/W2963652593","https://openalex.org/W2963709863","https://openalex.org/W2995042771","https://openalex.org/W2996476754","https://openalex.org/W3011800639","https://openalex.org/W3035574168","https://openalex.org/W3081266556","https://openalex.org/W3086154751","https://openalex.org/W3120891544","https://openalex.org/W3161421216","https://openalex.org/W3180629550","https://openalex.org/W4211192810","https://openalex.org/W4230249278","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4295719664","https://openalex.org/W6637131181","https://openalex.org/W6637696883","https://openalex.org/W6676600194","https://openalex.org/W6739625420","https://openalex.org/W6745935785","https://openalex.org/W6771922894"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1670332068","https://openalex.org/W2095618524","https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2735770592","https://openalex.org/W1971024059","https://openalex.org/W1502062143","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4313855562","https://openalex.org/W2091422131"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"an":[2],"approach":[3,36,144],"to":[4,49,68,84,102],"automatically":[5],"generate":[6],"semantic":[7],"labels":[8,19],"for":[9,27,170,174,191],"real":[10],"recordings":[11],"of":[12,42,166,183],"automotive":[13],"range-Doppler":[14],"(RD)":[15],"radar":[16,31,51,55,109,137],"spectra.":[17],"Such":[18],"are":[20],"required":[21],"when":[22],"training":[23],"a":[24,124,148],"neural":[25,104,184],"network":[26,105],"object":[28,62],"recognition":[29,63],"from":[30,133],"data.":[32,110],"The":[33,79,139,164],"automatic":[34,171],"labeling":[35],"rests":[37],"on":[38,94,107,116],"the":[39,50,58,76,91,95,99,103,108,112,167,181,188],"simultaneous":[40],"recording":[41],"camera":[43,59,77,96],"and":[44,136,153],"lidar":[45,135],"data":[46],"in":[47,75],"addition":[48],"spectrum.":[52],"By":[53],"warping":[54,80,100,113],"spectra":[56,176],"into":[57],"image,":[60],"state-of-the-art":[61,149],"algorithms":[64],"can":[65],"be":[66,85],"applied":[67],"label":[69,172],"relevant":[70],"objects,":[71],"such":[72],"as":[73],"cars,":[74],"image.":[78],"operation":[81,101,114],"is":[82,145,177],"designed":[83],"fully":[86],"differentiable,":[87],"which":[88,130],"allows":[89],"backpropagating":[90],"gradient":[92],"computed":[93],"image":[97],"through":[98],"operating":[106],"As":[111],"relies":[115],"accurate":[117],"scene":[118,126,141,150],"flow":[119,127,142,151],"estimation,":[120],"we":[121],"further":[122],"propose":[123],"novel":[125],"estimation":[128,143],"algorithm":[129],"exploits":[131],"information":[132],"camera,":[134],"sensors.":[138],"proposed":[140,189],"compared":[146],"against":[147],"algorithm,":[152],"it":[154,156],"outperforms":[155],"by":[157,179],"approximately":[158],"30%":[159],"w.r.t.":[160],"mean":[161],"average":[162],"error.":[163],"feasibility":[165],"overall":[168],"framework":[169,190],"generation":[173],"RD":[175],"verified":[178],"evaluating":[180],"performance":[182],"networks":[185],"trained":[186],"with":[187],"Direction-of-Arrival":[192],"estimation.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2021-01-05T00:00:00"}