{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285123288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3181623","title":"Sub-GHz Two-Way Ranging Based on Phase Detection for Remote Keyless Entry Systems","display_name":"Sub-GHz Two-Way Ranging Based on Phase Detection for Remote Keyless Entry Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285123288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3181623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3181623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3181623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004107219","display_name":"Ichiro Seto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5886-3683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ichiro Seto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporate Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporate Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109950689","display_name":"Shoji Otaka","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoji Otaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090747333","display_name":"Hiroshi Yoshida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9570-477X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroshi Yoshida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporate Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporate Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016915941","display_name":"Katsuya Nonin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katsuya Nonin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058222358","display_name":"Masaki Nishikawa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masaki Nishikawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Corporate Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporate Research and Development Center, Toshiba Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068293662","display_name":"Takayuki Kato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8879-6685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takayuki Kato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Infrastructure Systems &amp; Solutions Corporation, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Infrastructure Systems &amp; Solutions Corporation, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042007471","display_name":"Yoshiharu Nito","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiharu Nito","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036831654","display_name":"Hideyuki Ishiwata","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292669757","display_name":"Toshiba (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/0326v3z14","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hideyuki Ishiwata","raw_affiliation_strings":["Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Toshiba Electronic Devices and Storage Corporation, Saiwai-ku, Kawasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108145292","display_name":"Tomoaki Otsuki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomoaki Otsuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004107219"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292669757"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5488,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63157163,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"9","first_page":"9705","last_page":"9720"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.9576833248138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6803649067878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.5971372127532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5386291742324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.4948543906211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.49413374066352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.4884187579154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.48332643508911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.4831542372703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4485704004764557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.42310208082199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.39136233925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3498912453651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24662476778030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2452087104320526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21793770790100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.19825085997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1076849102973938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.9576833248138428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6803649067878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.5971372127532959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5386291742324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.4948543906211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.49413374066352844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4884187579154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.48332643508911133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.4831542372703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4485704004764557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.42310208082199097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.39136233925819397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3498912453651428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24662476778030396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2452087104320526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21793770790100098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.19825085997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1076849102973938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3181623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3181623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1614580056","https://openalex.org/W1985699715","https://openalex.org/W1988543519","https://openalex.org/W2010238960","https://openalex.org/W2011482625","https://openalex.org/W2012462772","https://openalex.org/W2017844018","https://openalex.org/W2104479788","https://openalex.org/W2114774401","https://openalex.org/W2116375760","https://openalex.org/W2135012673","https://openalex.org/W2148850478","https://openalex.org/W2153537882","https://openalex.org/W2157399244","https://openalex.org/W2356164965","https://openalex.org/W2410959295","https://openalex.org/W2487857741","https://openalex.org/W2576050278","https://openalex.org/W2587695409","https://openalex.org/W2623199722","https://openalex.org/W2786544978","https://openalex.org/W2902992487","https://openalex.org/W2904670792","https://openalex.org/W2937041833","https://openalex.org/W2944707874","https://openalex.org/W2963346388","https://openalex.org/W2973010884","https://openalex.org/W2983131442","https://openalex.org/W2986305485","https://openalex.org/W2990964666","https://openalex.org/W3013127783","https://openalex.org/W3038969626","https://openalex.org/W3046409155","https://openalex.org/W3153686927","https://openalex.org/W3196183664","https://openalex.org/W4244286740","https://openalex.org/W6635470410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783354812","https://openalex.org/W4384112194","https://openalex.org/W2103009189","https://openalex.org/W4312958259","https://openalex.org/W2349383066","https://openalex.org/W1969901537","https://openalex.org/W4328132048","https://openalex.org/W4308259661","https://openalex.org/W2096034228","https://openalex.org/W2152052589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Remote":[0],"keyless":[1,135],"entry":[2,136],"systems":[3],"have":[4],"penetrated":[5],"the":[6,20,29,36,40,95,119,127,140,149],"vehicular":[7],"market":[8],"due":[9],"to":[10,59],"its":[11,14],"convenience.":[12],"However,":[13],"vulnerability":[15],"against":[16,75,90],"relay":[17],"attacks":[18],"exploiting":[19],"wireless":[21],"channel":[22],"is":[23,32,57,122,143],"a":[24,54,80,86,102,145],"serious":[25],"threat.":[26],"One":[27],"of":[28,82,105,148],"prominent":[30],"countermeasures":[31],"radio":[33,45,106],"ranging":[34,66,120,129],"between":[35,79],"key":[37,141],"fob":[38,142],"and":[39,48,85,98,108],"vehicle.":[41,150],"Taking":[42],"into":[43],"account":[44],"regulations,":[46],"usability":[47],"power":[49],"consumption":[50],"among":[51],"other":[52],"things,":[53],"suitable":[55],"approach":[56],"necessary":[58],"devise.":[60],"This":[61],"article":[62],"proposes":[63],"sub-GHz":[64],"two-way":[65],"based":[67],"on":[68],"phase":[69],"detection":[70],"which":[71],"offers":[72],"high":[73],"tolerance":[74],"reference":[76],"clock":[77],"offset":[78],"pair":[81],"transceiver":[83],"devices":[84],"novel":[87],"compensation":[88],"scheme":[89],"multipath":[91],"effects.":[92],"We":[93,124],"present":[94],"operation":[96],"principle":[97],"theoretical":[99],"performance":[100,132],"under":[101],"two-path":[103],"model":[104],"propagation":[107],"additive":[109],"white":[110],"Gaussian":[111],"noise.":[112],"In":[113],"field":[114],"experiments":[115],"with":[116],"prototype":[117],"devices,":[118],"accuracy":[121],"validated.":[123],"show":[125],"that":[126],"proposed":[128],"produces":[130],"sufficient":[131],"for":[133],"remote":[134],"systems,":[137],"confirming":[138],"if":[139],"within":[144],"few":[146],"meters":[147]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
