{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4293150213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3170577","title":"A Blockchain Enhanced Coexistence of Heterogeneous Networks on Unlicensed Spectrum","display_name":"A Blockchain Enhanced Coexistence of Heterogeneous Networks on Unlicensed Spectrum","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4293150213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3170577"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3170577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3170577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332172","display_name":"Hanwen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7568-5647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanwen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, China","Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, UESTC, Chengdu, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, UESTC, Chengdu, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010384288","display_name":"Supeng Leng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0049-5982"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Supeng Leng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, China","Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, UESTC, Chengdu, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Sichuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, UESTC, Chengdu, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066830962","display_name":"Yunkai Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4895-2073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunkai Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Shenzhen, China","Yangtze Delta Region Institute, UESTC, Quzhou, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yangtze Delta Region Institute, UESTC, Quzhou, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014610561","display_name":"Jianhua He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5738-8507"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100332172"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.3776,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96655609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"7","first_page":"7613","last_page":"7624"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.6474959254264832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5628925561904907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5090741515159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.4766174852848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.42904573678970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.37967100739479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.2924429178237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.2372511625289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19497078657150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.12099573016166687}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.6474959254264832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5628925561904907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5090741515159607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.4766174852848053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.42904573678970337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.37967100739479065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2924429178237915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.2372511625289917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19497078657150269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.12099573016166687}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3170577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3170577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1121271761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Program","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1231421488","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"under","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1740091479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"No. 62171104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1974542962","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Sk\u0142odowska","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2039609202","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"824019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2689612763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Marie","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3780809258","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391238517","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":", and","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937468798","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"H2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5073550242","display_name":"Enhanced 5G Vehicle to Vehicle Technologies for Safe and Reliable Connected Autonomous Vehicles Applications","funder_award_id":"101022280","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5209887515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MSCA-RISE-2018-824019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5859239756","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MSCA-RISE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8567263159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"824019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","funder_display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8914579507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171104","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332999","display_name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1564088886","https://openalex.org/W2118472616","https://openalex.org/W2162598825","https://openalex.org/W2792035477","https://openalex.org/W2800068681","https://openalex.org/W2884076813","https://openalex.org/W2885703553","https://openalex.org/W2890103652","https://openalex.org/W2892044469","https://openalex.org/W2897785330","https://openalex.org/W2901436587","https://openalex.org/W2916803847","https://openalex.org/W2945744693","https://openalex.org/W2962201887","https://openalex.org/W2981187527","https://openalex.org/W3001709264","https://openalex.org/W3003663149","https://openalex.org/W3004153124","https://openalex.org/W3005301651","https://openalex.org/W3023134883","https://openalex.org/W3040325268","https://openalex.org/W3040999824","https://openalex.org/W3045662750","https://openalex.org/W3127342281","https://openalex.org/W3129801349","https://openalex.org/W3135741628","https://openalex.org/W3138178591","https://openalex.org/W3156569560","https://openalex.org/W3195456681","https://openalex.org/W3199187481","https://openalex.org/W3213744148","https://openalex.org/W4205995736"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210406818","https://openalex.org/W4306779889","https://openalex.org/W3048554917","https://openalex.org/W3211706803","https://openalex.org/W4382775358","https://openalex.org/W4246942721","https://openalex.org/W3209862047","https://openalex.org/W4386732777","https://openalex.org/W4304136894","https://openalex.org/W2064941985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,18,129,138,174,186,216],"the":[2,9,22,27,37,51,91,103,106,112,120,124,140,143,153,168,171,176,181,188,196,202,217,231,245,250,255],"forecasted":[3],"fast":[4],"increasing":[5],"cellular":[6],"traffic":[7,219],"and":[8,20,30,41,47,69,78,102,145,165,212,230,233,247,254],"already":[10],"highly":[11],"congested":[12],"licensed":[13],"spectrum,":[14],"it":[15],"is":[16,36,96,109,127,224],"critical":[17],"exploit":[19],"utilize":[21],"unlicensed":[23,52,107,182],"spectrum":[24,62,94,108,183,261],"resources":[25],"for":[26,65,259],"fifth-generation":[28],"(5G)":[29],"beyond":[31],"networks.":[32,266],"A":[33],"challenging":[34],"problem":[35,92],"coexistence":[38],"of":[39,50,84,93,105,114,123,142,156,170,190,198,235,249],"5G":[40],"other":[42],"networks":[43],"with":[44],"fair,":[45],"reliable,":[46],"efficient":[48,79],"sharing":[49,63,95,180,262],"spectrum.":[53],"In":[54,87],"this":[55,88],"paper,":[56],"we":[57],"propose":[58],"a":[59,75,99,118,135,147],"blockchain-enhanced":[60],"distributed":[61,260],"scheme":[64,204,253],"coexisting":[66],"multiple":[67,70],"operators":[68],"WiFi":[71,199],"APs.":[72],"We":[73,133],"design":[74],"novel":[76],"lightweight":[77],"consensus":[80,89,100,125],"mechanism,":[81,90],"named":[82],"Proof":[83],"Strategy":[85],"(PoG).":[86],"used":[97,110],"as":[98,111,226],"puzzle,":[101],"part":[104],"\u2018fee\u2019":[113],"miners.":[115],"With":[116],"such":[117],"design,":[119],"computing":[121],"overhead":[122],"process":[126],"expected":[128],"be":[130,162,206],"reduced":[131],"significantly.":[132],"develop":[134],"non-cooperative":[136],"game":[137],"analyze":[139],"behavior":[141,223],"miners":[144],"obtain":[146],"symmetric":[148],"Bayesian":[149],"Nash":[150],"equilibrium":[151,236],"under":[152],"uniform":[154],"distribution":[155],"mining":[157],"cost":[158],"estimation.":[159],"It":[160],"can":[161,205],"found":[163],"mathematically":[164],"experimentally":[166],"that":[167],"strategy":[169],"winner":[172],"tends":[173],"maximize":[175],"system":[177,194],"revenue":[178],"by":[179,240,263],"resource.":[184],"Furthermore,":[185],"reduce":[187],"impact":[189],"heavy":[191],"interactions":[192],"on":[193],"throughput,":[195],"operation":[197],"APs":[200],"in":[201],"proposed":[203,251],"adaptively":[207],"switched":[208],"between":[209],"\u2018contention":[210],"mode\u2019":[211,214],"\u2018blockchain":[213],"according":[215],"network":[218],"load.":[220],"The":[221],"dynamic":[222],"constructed":[225],"an":[227],"evolutionary":[228],"game,":[229],"existence":[232],"uniqueness":[234],"points":[237],"are":[238],"proved":[239],"theoretical":[241],"analysis.":[242],"Simulations":[243],"demonstrated":[244],"fairness":[246],"effectiveness":[248],"blockchain-based":[252],"mode":[256],"switching":[257],"method":[258],"heterogeneous":[264],"wireless":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}