{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226065768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686","title":"Hybrid Relay-Reflecting Intelligent Surface-Assisted Wireless Communications","display_name":"Hybrid Relay-Reflecting Intelligent Surface-Assisted Wireless Communications","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226065768","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/25/9805757/09733238.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/25/9805757/09733238.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026216458","display_name":"Nhan T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6961-0147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nhan Thanh Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6961-0147","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060107722","display_name":"Quang\u2010Doanh Vu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9369-4990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2738502077","display_name":"Nokia (Finland)","ror":"https://ror.org/04pkc8m17","country_code":"FI","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quang-Doanh Vu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","Mobile Networks, Nokia, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mobile Networks, Nokia, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063848301","display_name":"Kyungchun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4070-549X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kyungchun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4070-549X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029534229","display_name":"Markku Juntti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-1896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Markku Juntti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5413-1896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Wireless Communications, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5963,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":139,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99024622,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"6","first_page":"6228","last_page":"6244"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.9754999876022339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.8243281841278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7260349988937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.6433988809585571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.6343373656272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5561884045600891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5087757706642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.4485361874103546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.44650793075561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3597157299518585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32487136125564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.23920372128486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1881122887134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.12248700857162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.10829120874404907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.8243281841278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7260349988937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.6433988809585571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.6343373656272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5561884045600891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5087757706642151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.4485361874103546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.44650793075561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3597157299518585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32487136125564575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.23920372128486633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1881122887134552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.12248700857162476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.10829120874404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/25/9805757/09733238.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oulu.fi:nbnfi-fe2022060945106","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi-fe2022060945106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400284","display_name":"University of Oulu Repository (University of Oulu)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","host_organization_name":"University of Oulu","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3158686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/25/9805757/09733238.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4230935547","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"318927","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5544359681","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6G Flagship","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6718297304","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Radio Access: Methods and Optimization","funder_award_id":"332362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6958921722","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"318927","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323692","funder_display_name":"Oulun Yliopisto"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323692","display_name":"Oulun Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323867","display_name":"Tutkijakoulu, Oulun Yliopiston","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226065768.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226065768.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1727734017","https://openalex.org/W2091240134","https://openalex.org/W2120840652","https://openalex.org/W2592240905","https://openalex.org/W2610369112","https://openalex.org/W2617211273","https://openalex.org/W2735938380","https://openalex.org/W2761044000","https://openalex.org/W2894864561","https://openalex.org/W2948573205","https://openalex.org/W2950077417","https://openalex.org/W2951491612","https://openalex.org/W2963355537","https://openalex.org/W2964066573","https://openalex.org/W2968389137","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2969424089","https://openalex.org/W2970297297","https://openalex.org/W2978330116","https://openalex.org/W2984176297","https://openalex.org/W2990747873","https://openalex.org/W2995554704","https://openalex.org/W3003050920","https://openalex.org/W3005112765","https://openalex.org/W3005476696","https://openalex.org/W3007669596","https://openalex.org/W3009957829","https://openalex.org/W3009959189","https://openalex.org/W3010384738","https://openalex.org/W3011590636","https://openalex.org/W3011747750","https://openalex.org/W3015419519","https://openalex.org/W3015518827","https://openalex.org/W3021225717","https://openalex.org/W3027118737","https://openalex.org/W3035386068","https://openalex.org/W3036604634","https://openalex.org/W3038076970","https://openalex.org/W3039402952","https://openalex.org/W3039576648","https://openalex.org/W3045987003","https://openalex.org/W3082926577","https://openalex.org/W3087782700","https://openalex.org/W3094619726","https://openalex.org/W3100536113","https://openalex.org/W3122864568","https://openalex.org/W3127184233","https://openalex.org/W3128307304","https://openalex.org/W3129486236","https://openalex.org/W3134059753","https://openalex.org/W3137570378","https://openalex.org/W3171953287","https://openalex.org/W3180558487","https://openalex.org/W3187692631","https://openalex.org/W3197488186","https://openalex.org/W3198743033","https://openalex.org/W3205135478","https://openalex.org/W4312258136","https://openalex.org/W6687531013"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539674285","https://openalex.org/W1998322187","https://openalex.org/W1038122923","https://openalex.org/W2952514781","https://openalex.org/W2972242150","https://openalex.org/W2149569983","https://openalex.org/W1989270073","https://openalex.org/W2103141005","https://openalex.org/W2122807322","https://openalex.org/W2534284196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Reconfigurable":[0],"intelligentsurface":[1],"(RIS)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5,57,82],"a":[6,22,29,47,67,76,133,150],"cost-":[7],"and":[8,101,112,124,158,164],"energy-efficient":[9],"solution":[10],"to":[11,170],"enhance":[12],"the":[13,39,43,86,90,99,109,116,145,171,180,184,191],"wireless":[14],"communications":[15,31],"capacity.":[16],"However,":[17],"recent":[18],"studies":[19],"show":[20,143,178],"that":[21,144,179],"very":[23],"large":[24],"surface":[25,71],"is":[26],"required":[27],"for":[28,132],"RIS-assisted":[30],"system;":[32],"otherwise,":[33],"they":[34],"may":[35],"be":[36,50],"outperformed":[37],"by":[38,53],"conventional":[40,172,185],"relay.":[41],"Furthermore,":[42],"performance":[44],"gain":[45],"of":[46,190],"RIS":[48],"can":[49,154,182],"considerably":[51],"degraded":[52],"hardware":[54],"impairments":[55],"such":[56],"limited-resolution":[58],"phase":[59],"shifters.":[60],"To":[61],"overcome":[62],"those":[63],"challenges,":[64],"we":[65],"propose":[66,94],"hybrid":[68,113],"relay-reflecting":[69,114],"intelligent":[70],"(HR-RIS)":[72],"architecture,":[73],"in":[74,161,188],"which":[75],"single":[77,151],"or":[78],"few":[79],"elements":[80],"serve":[81],"active":[83,152],"relays,":[84],"while":[85],"remaining":[87],"only":[88,149],"reflect":[89],"incident":[91],"signals.":[92],"We":[93],"two":[95],"HR-RIS":[96,117,147,181],"architectures,":[97],"namely,":[98],"fixed":[100],"dynamic":[102],"HR-RIS.":[103],"The":[104,129,175],"joint":[105],"transmit":[106],"beamforming":[107],"at":[108,115],"base":[110],"station":[111],"are":[118],"designed":[119],"based":[120],"on":[121],"alternating":[122],"optimization":[123],"successive":[125],"convex":[126],"approximation":[127],"methods.":[128],"simulation":[130],"results":[131,176],"<inline-formula":[134],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[135],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[136],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4":[137],"\\times":[138],"2$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[139],"multiple-input":[140],"multiple-output":[141],"system":[142],"proposed":[146],"with":[148,168],"element":[153],"achieve":[155],"about":[156],"40%":[157],"25%":[159],"improvement":[160],"spectral":[162],"efficiency":[163],"energy":[165],"efficiency,":[166],"respectively,":[167],"respect":[169],"RIS-aided":[173],"system.":[174],"also":[177],"outperform":[183],"relaying":[186],"scheme":[187],"most":[189],"considered":[192],"scenarios.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
