{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4225510855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3156388","title":"Performance of Vertical Underwater Wireless Optical Communications With Cascaded Layered Modeling","display_name":"Performance of Vertical Underwater Wireless Optical Communications With Cascaded Layered Modeling","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4225510855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3156388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3156388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3156388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081717074","display_name":"Yi Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4512-781X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yi Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045995606","display_name":"Julian Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-8236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260628","display_name":"University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/04241wz75","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490","https://openalex.org/I4405260628"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033781382","display_name":"Donghu Nie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7053-824X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donghu Nie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030773043","display_name":"Gang Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4767-0015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151727225","display_name":"Harbin Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/03x80pn82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I890469752","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081717074"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151727225","https://openalex.org/I890469752"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1399,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92170893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"5","first_page":"5651","last_page":"5655"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ergodic-theory","display_name":"Ergodic theory","score":0.6387338638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-density-function","display_name":"Probability density function","score":0.6184818744659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.5653687715530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.5323821306228638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-function","display_name":"Exponential function","score":0.5269642472267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4705874025821686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.45998021960258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-distribution","display_name":"Gamma distribution","score":0.4479757845401764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.4470663368701935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exponential-distribution","display_name":"Exponential distribution","score":0.4424986243247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.42193302512168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3960161805152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.38319289684295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.37497979402542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-mathematics","display_name":"Applied mathematics","score":0.37006622552871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3144451379776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.3102431893348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.24562814831733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24519655108451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18002554774284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.17050272226333618}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122044880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5498822","display_name":"Ergodic theory","level":2,"score":0.6387338638305664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.6184818744659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.5653687715530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.5323821306228638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151376022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168698","display_name":"Exponential function","level":2,"score":0.5269642472267151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4705874025821686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.45998021960258484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149717495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117806","display_name":"Gamma distribution","level":2,"score":0.4479757845401764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.4470663368701935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55350006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237193","display_name":"Exponential distribution","level":2,"score":0.4424986243247986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.42193302512168884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3960161805152893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.38319289684295654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.37497979402542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.37006622552871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3144451379776001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.3102431893348694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.24562814831733704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24519655108451843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18002554774284363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.17050272226333618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3156388","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3156388","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1288504153","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972485395","https://openalex.org/W2060514040","https://openalex.org/W2078927228","https://openalex.org/W2102591969","https://openalex.org/W2396388617","https://openalex.org/W2535011827","https://openalex.org/W2607000399","https://openalex.org/W2612062760","https://openalex.org/W2889173296","https://openalex.org/W2892749753","https://openalex.org/W2936907229","https://openalex.org/W2963280730","https://openalex.org/W2963523009","https://openalex.org/W2963870798","https://openalex.org/W2964218076","https://openalex.org/W2983244131","https://openalex.org/W3022477878","https://openalex.org/W3038982397","https://openalex.org/W3043432765","https://openalex.org/W4230959423","https://openalex.org/W4241055678"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963677898","https://openalex.org/W1997459874","https://openalex.org/W4247805184","https://openalex.org/W1505328341","https://openalex.org/W2279883948","https://openalex.org/W2080246011","https://openalex.org/W2141426340","https://openalex.org/W2525685171","https://openalex.org/W2765886074","https://openalex.org/W2201233151"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,14,38,47,52,57,87,93,97,102,130],"performance":[4,118],"of":[5,16,51,59,121],"vertical":[6,122],"underwater":[7,53],"wireless":[8],"optical":[9],"communication":[10],"(UWOC)":[11],"systems":[12,124],"in":[13,114],"presence":[15],"air":[17,60],"bubbles":[18,61],"and":[19,62,101,110,119,128],"temperature":[20,63],"gradients.":[21],"We":[22],"consider":[23,46],"a":[24,73],"generalized":[25],"UWOC":[26,123],"channel":[27,66],"model":[28,69],"that":[29],"contains":[30],"<inline-formula":[31],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[32],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\"><tex-math":[33],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula>":[34],"layers,":[35],"each":[36,70],"having":[37],"same":[39],"distribution":[40],"but":[41],"with":[42,72],"different":[43],"parameters":[44],"to":[45],"vertically":[48],"inhomogeneous":[49],"nature":[50],"environment.":[54],"To":[55],"capture":[56],"effects":[58],"gradients":[64],"on":[65,92],"statistics,":[67],"we":[68,95,106],"layer":[71],"mixture":[74],"exponential-generalized":[75],"Gamma":[76],"distribution.":[77],"A":[78],"closed-form":[79],"probability":[80],"density":[81],"function":[82],"(PDF)":[83],"is":[84],"presented":[85],"for":[86],"end-to-end":[88],"signal-to-noise":[89],"ratio.":[90],"Based":[91],"PDF,":[94],"derive":[96],"average":[98],"bit-error-rate":[99],"(BER)":[100],"ergodic":[103,111],"capacity.":[104],"Moreover,":[105],"provide":[107],"asymptotic":[108],"BER":[109],"capacity":[112],"results":[113],"simple":[115],"forms.":[116],"The":[117],"behavior":[120],"are":[125,133],"thoroughly":[126],"analyzed,":[127],"all":[129],"derived":[131],"expressions":[132],"verified":[134],"via":[135],"Monte":[136],"Carlo":[137],"simulations.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}