{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213219140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3151246","title":"Unity-Rate Coding Improves the Iterative Detection Convergence of Autoencoder-Aided Communication Systems","display_name":"Unity-Rate Coding Improves the Iterative Detection Convergence of Autoencoder-Aided Communication Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213219140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3151246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3151246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3151246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025690716","display_name":"Luping Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1465-6708"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luping Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002507578","display_name":"Chao Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419396","display_name":"Xiaoyu Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0793-889X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science and the Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science and the Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018806075","display_name":"Thien Van Luong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-4900"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thien Van Luong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079225380","display_name":"Robert G. Maunder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7944-2615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert G. Maunder","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100329747","display_name":"Lie\u2010Liang Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2032-9327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lie-Liang Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091122305","display_name":"Lajos Hanzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lajos Hanzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025690716"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2758,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60272343,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"5","first_page":"5037","last_page":"5047"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.7834478616714478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.6531992554664612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.651614248752594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6325783133506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.61118483543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exit-chart","display_name":"EXIT chart","score":0.5678727030754089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.5596115589141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5470373034477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qam","display_name":"QAM","score":0.5144543647766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forward-error-correction","display_name":"Forward error correction","score":0.4610954523086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbo-code","display_name":"Turbo code","score":0.4459609389305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-error-rate","display_name":"Block Error Rate","score":0.4389409124851227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding-gain","display_name":"Coding gain","score":0.43752917647361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.24032804369926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.20074594020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.17623475193977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-noise","display_name":"White noise","score":0.16437387466430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concatenated-error-correction-code","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","score":0.15023398399353027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.7834478616714478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.6531992554664612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.651614248752594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6325783133506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.61118483543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171401667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5324684","display_name":"EXIT chart","level":5,"score":0.5678727030754089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.5596115589141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5470373034477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59030546","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7265371","display_name":"QAM","level":5,"score":0.5144543647766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202932441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55611017","display_name":"Forward error correction","level":3,"score":0.4610954523086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114504821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2164281","display_name":"Turbo code","level":3,"score":0.4459609389305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927140","display_name":"Block Error Rate","level":3,"score":0.4389409124851227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76862118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105671","display_name":"Coding gain","level":3,"score":0.43752917647361755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.24032804369926453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.20074594020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.17623475193977356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112633086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381287","display_name":"White noise","level":2,"score":0.16437387466430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78944582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5158264","display_name":"Concatenated error correction code","level":4,"score":0.15023398399353027}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2022.3151246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2022.3151246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:455037","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2022.3151246>).","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401020","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1032414495","display_name":"Converged Optical and Wireless Access Networks (COALESCE)","funder_award_id":"EP/P003990/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1190378674","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/L010550/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1972339859","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P034284/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2422336959","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P003990/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3009845101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J015520/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5991684347","display_name":"New Air Interface Techniques for Future Massive Machine-Type Communications","funder_award_id":"EP/P034284/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1794323723","https://openalex.org/W2066526279","https://openalex.org/W2094987935","https://openalex.org/W2134877412","https://openalex.org/W2169878327","https://openalex.org/W2206473389","https://openalex.org/W2504090187","https://openalex.org/W2552169690","https://openalex.org/W2618321905","https://openalex.org/W2736068844","https://openalex.org/W2763104662","https://openalex.org/W2775202597","https://openalex.org/W2789254838","https://openalex.org/W2804075771","https://openalex.org/W2808769300","https://openalex.org/W2886374543","https://openalex.org/W2916238263","https://openalex.org/W2946774101","https://openalex.org/W2963190722","https://openalex.org/W2963290405","https://openalex.org/W2963577893","https://openalex.org/W2964121960","https://openalex.org/W2966038277","https://openalex.org/W2968026845","https://openalex.org/W2982187443","https://openalex.org/W2992764208","https://openalex.org/W2995700824","https://openalex.org/W2999146029","https://openalex.org/W3006329735","https://openalex.org/W3006643426","https://openalex.org/W3008026851","https://openalex.org/W3010015317","https://openalex.org/W3022249012","https://openalex.org/W3022385148","https://openalex.org/W3036589489","https://openalex.org/W3047191646","https://openalex.org/W3048657120","https://openalex.org/W3081045327","https://openalex.org/W3098133185","https://openalex.org/W6631190155"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999622747","https://openalex.org/W2100816365","https://openalex.org/W1817979388","https://openalex.org/W2383056231","https://openalex.org/W4233490903","https://openalex.org/W1990047050","https://openalex.org/W2044529691","https://openalex.org/W4385217930","https://openalex.org/W2088631983","https://openalex.org/W2144507738"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,76],"forward":[1],"error":[2,30,143,149,154],"correction":[3],"(FEC)":[4],"and":[5,152,175,183],"unity-rate":[6],"coded":[7,186],"(URC)":[8],"autoencoder":[9],"(AE)-assisted":[10],"communication":[11],"system":[12,163],"is":[13,34,83],"proposed":[14,161],"for":[15,25,37,57],"the":[16,40,54,63,68,81,87,91,127,132,160],"first":[17],"time,":[18],"which":[19,48,85,118],"relies":[20],"on":[21],"soft":[22,58],"iterative":[23,59,166],"decoding":[24],"attaining":[26],"a":[27,122,140],"vanishingly":[28,141],"low":[29,142],"probability.":[31,144],"The":[32],"AE-demapper":[33],"specifically":[35],"designed":[36],"directly":[38,51],"calculating":[39],"<italic":[41],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[42],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">extrinsic</i>":[43],"logarithmic":[44],"likelihood":[45],"ratios":[46],"(LLRs),":[47],"can":[49],"be":[50],"entered":[52],"into":[53],"URC":[55],"decoder":[56],"decoding.":[60],"This":[61],"avoids":[62],"potential":[64],"degradation":[65],"due":[66],"to":[67,73,139],"conversion":[69],"of":[70,80,90,124,135],"symbol":[71],"probabilities":[72],"bit":[74,148],"LLRs.":[75],"comprehensive":[77],"capacity":[78,88],"analysis":[79],"AE":[82],"performed,":[84],"demonstrates":[86],"advantage":[89],"AE-aided":[92],"constellation":[93],"design":[94],"over":[95],"its":[96,111,180,184],"conventional":[97,185],"quadrature":[98],"amplitude":[99],"modulation":[100],"(QAM)/":[101],"phase":[102],"shift":[103],"keying":[104],"(PSK)":[105],"counterpart.":[106],"Furthermore,":[107],"we":[108],"carry":[109],"out":[110],"EXtrinsic":[112],"Information":[113],"Transfer":[114],"(EXIT)":[115],"chart":[116],"analysis,":[117],"indicates":[119],"that":[120,159],"as":[121],"benefit":[123],"our":[125,147],"URC,":[126],"EXIT":[128],"curve":[129],"always":[130],"reaches":[131],"[1,1]":[133],"point":[134],"perfect":[136],"convergence,":[137],"leading":[138],"More":[145],"explicitly,":[146],"ratio":[150,155],"(BER)":[151],"block":[153],"(BLER)":[156],"results":[157],"demonstrate":[158],"FEC-URC-AE":[162],"achieves":[164],"significant":[165],"gains":[167],"both":[168,179],"in":[169],"additive":[170],"white":[171],"Gaussian":[172],"noise":[173],"(AWGN)":[174],"Rayleigh":[176],"channels,":[177],"outperforming":[178],"model-based":[181],"FEC-AE":[182],"QAM/QPSK":[187],"counterparts.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}