{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205922171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3133790","title":"Unified Mode-Based Description of Arbitrary Hybrid and Electric Powertrain Topologies","display_name":"Unified Mode-Based Description of Arbitrary Hybrid and Electric Powertrain Topologies","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205922171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3133790"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3133790","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3133790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020099837","display_name":"Bastian Krueger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6103-5176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283382300","display_name":"BMW (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vs9tj88","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300","https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bastian Krueger","raw_affiliation_strings":["BMW AG in Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6103-5176","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BMW AG in Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064639596","display_name":"Giovanni Filomeno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5334-514X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283382300","display_name":"BMW (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vs9tj88","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300","https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Filomeno","raw_affiliation_strings":["BMW AG in Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5334-514X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BMW AG in Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069635186","display_name":"Arnd Golle","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283382300","display_name":"BMW (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vs9tj88","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300","https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnd Golle","raw_affiliation_strings":["BMW AG in Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BMW AG in Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072039370","display_name":"Dirk Dennin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283382300","display_name":"BMW (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vs9tj88","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300","https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Dennin","raw_affiliation_strings":["BMW AG in Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BMW AG in Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072869747","display_name":"Peter Tenberge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Tenberge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial and Automotive Drivetrains, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial and Automotive Drivetrains, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020099837"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67231704,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"2","first_page":"1293","last_page":"1306"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12907","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering and Vibrations Research","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.9594054222106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5045236349105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.49382027983665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.4525827169418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4176446497440338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4139569103717804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3548543453216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3481407165527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.17189541459083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.14635655283927917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10343226790428162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.9594054222106934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5045236349105835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.49382027983665466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4525827169418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4176446497440338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4139569103717804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3548543453216553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3481407165527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.17189541459083557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.14635655283927917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10343226790428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3133790","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3133790","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1577908840","https://openalex.org/W1939298845","https://openalex.org/W1972160577","https://openalex.org/W2011289929","https://openalex.org/W2055453412","https://openalex.org/W2064197890","https://openalex.org/W2070045051","https://openalex.org/W2073227283","https://openalex.org/W2114915621","https://openalex.org/W2149751000","https://openalex.org/W2152938561","https://openalex.org/W2344863570","https://openalex.org/W2401029567","https://openalex.org/W2414147764","https://openalex.org/W2567366513","https://openalex.org/W2579590860","https://openalex.org/W2789757436","https://openalex.org/W2794118090","https://openalex.org/W2800465157","https://openalex.org/W2921455784","https://openalex.org/W2954034971","https://openalex.org/W2969340946"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2109769812","https://openalex.org/W2164776125","https://openalex.org/W2953137217","https://openalex.org/W2120892143","https://openalex.org/W2136582587","https://openalex.org/W2137409234","https://openalex.org/W2063991943","https://openalex.org/W2162365590","https://openalex.org/W2901375575","https://openalex.org/W99982270"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"find":[1],"the":[2,30,38,129,193,224],"optimal":[3,213],"powertrain":[4,31,68,90,155,168,218],"design":[5,57],"for":[6,85,216],"hybrid":[7,87,113,139,165],"and":[8,16,49,88,100,114,144,149,166,177],"electric":[9,89,115,167],"vehicles":[10],"in":[11,175],"terms":[12],"of":[13,29,40,61,138,171],"energy":[14],"efficiency":[15],"performance,":[17],"automatised":[18],"optimisation":[19],"tools":[20],"are":[21,157,160,173],"often":[22],"applied.":[23],"These":[24,159],"require":[25],"a":[26,55,80,118,180,185,205],"mathematical":[27],"model":[28],"configuration,":[32],"which":[33],"is":[34,105,147,190,210],"usually":[35],"done":[36],"on":[37,117,152],"level":[39],"components,":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"planetary":[44],"gear":[45],"sets":[46,215],"(PGSs),":[47],"clutches":[48],"brakes.":[50],"This,":[51],"however,":[52],"leads":[53],"to":[54,94,109,128,162,199],"huge":[56],"space":[58],"with":[59,92,141],"lots":[60],"functional":[62,67,120],"redundancy.":[63],"In":[64,77],"fact,":[65],"each":[66],"mode":[69,125],"can":[70,196,220],"be":[71,197,221],"realised":[72],"by":[73],"various":[74],"component":[75],"combinations.":[76],"this":[78],"paper,":[79],"novel":[81],"mode-based":[82],"modelling":[83],"technique":[84],"arbitrary":[86,201],"configurations":[91,219],"up":[93],"one":[95,142,145],"internal":[96],"combustion":[97],"engine":[98],"(ICE)":[99],"two":[101],"electrical":[102],"machines":[103],"(EMs)":[104],"proposed.":[106],"This":[107],"allows":[108],"easily":[110],"analyse":[111,200],"multi-mode":[112,202],"powertrains":[116,140],"purely":[119],"basis.":[121],"Additionally,":[122],"it":[123,189,209],"reduces":[124],"describing":[126],"parameters":[127],"minimum":[130],"amount":[131],"required.":[132],"First,":[133],"an":[134],"existing":[135],"graphical":[136],"representation":[137],"ICE":[143],"EM":[146],"analysed":[148],"formalised.":[150],"Based":[151],"that,":[153],"virtual":[154],"nodes":[156],"defined.":[158],"used":[161,198],"compose":[163],"all":[164],"modes.":[169],"Five":[170],"them":[172],"presented":[174],"detail":[176],"plotted":[178],"within":[179],"three-dimensional":[181],"ratio":[182,194],"plot.":[183],"Using":[184],"first":[186],"case":[187,207],"study,":[188,208],"shown":[191],"how":[192,212],"plot":[195],"powertrains.":[203],"Within":[204],"second":[206],"demonstrated":[211],"parameter":[214],"single-mode":[217],"identified":[222],"using":[223],"derived":[225],"model.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}