{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3214257438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3124810","title":"Learning to Schedule Joint Radar-Communication With Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Learning to Schedule Joint Radar-Communication With Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3214257438","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3124810","mag":"3214257438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3124810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3124810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052511985","display_name":"Joash Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8837-5290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joash Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Research Institute @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091266202","display_name":"Dusit Niyato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7442-7416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dusit Niyato","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100763983","display_name":"Yong Liang Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9757-630X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Liang Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022649488","display_name":"Dong In Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7711-8072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I848706","display_name":"Sungkyunkwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/04q78tk20","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong In Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I848706"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052511985"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9823,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9392062,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"71","issue":"1","first_page":"406","last_page":"422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9685999751091003,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7691490054130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7689045667648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6768637895584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.6201845407485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.5397475957870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schedule","display_name":"Schedule","score":0.5152063965797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.4949323534965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.48271629214286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4721650779247284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4625517725944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14195287227630615}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.7691490054130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7689045667648315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6768637895584106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.6201845407485962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.5397475957870483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68387754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7271585","display_name":"Schedule","level":2,"score":0.5152063965797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4949323534965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.48271629214286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4721650779247284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4625517725944519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14195287227630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3124810","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3124810","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3227984981","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021R1A2C2007638","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5000464008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RIE2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","funder_display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320696","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1507290626","https://openalex.org/W1677318746","https://openalex.org/W1771410628","https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W1964215189","https://openalex.org/W1993918491","https://openalex.org/W2023496573","https://openalex.org/W2038083916","https://openalex.org/W2047652980","https://openalex.org/W2081945780","https://openalex.org/W2085198875","https://openalex.org/W2089910489","https://openalex.org/W2113968972","https://openalex.org/W2134853281","https://openalex.org/W2140129938","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2146487252","https://openalex.org/W2168802852","https://openalex.org/W2288074780","https://openalex.org/W2519113896","https://openalex.org/W2521513886","https://openalex.org/W2566550653","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2769280284","https://openalex.org/W2773974172","https://openalex.org/W2792500381","https://openalex.org/W2885549115","https://openalex.org/W2897257904","https://openalex.org/W2951799221","https://openalex.org/W2963706687","https://openalex.org/W2964043796","https://openalex.org/W2971197296","https://openalex.org/W2997484716","https://openalex.org/W3006143078","https://openalex.org/W3034589260","https://openalex.org/W3047932782","https://openalex.org/W3100811978","https://openalex.org/W3156295478","https://openalex.org/W3198056564","https://openalex.org/W4206533730","https://openalex.org/W4210493863","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6634413486","https://openalex.org/W6638018090","https://openalex.org/W6677067356","https://openalex.org/W6685444567","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6696429117","https://openalex.org/W6741002519","https://openalex.org/W6756287877"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4400868993","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W1985560493","https://openalex.org/W2386410636","https://openalex.org/W2357975469","https://openalex.org/W2145363145","https://openalex.org/W1626977535","https://openalex.org/W2341346307","https://openalex.org/W3168977894","https://openalex.org/W2315999538"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radar":[0],"detection":[1],"and":[2],"communication":[3],"are":[4,137],"two":[5],"essential":[6],"sub-tasks":[7],"for":[8,53],"the":[9,49,56,62,76,112,120,155,162,174],"operation":[10],"of":[11,19,40,51,60,65,119,142],"next-generation":[12],"autonomous":[13],"vehicles":[14],"(AVs).":[15],"The":[16,151],"forthcoming":[17],"proliferation":[18],"faster":[20],"5G":[21],"networks":[22],"utilizing":[23],"mmWave":[24],"has":[25,35],"raised":[26],"concerns":[27],"on":[28,42],"interference":[29],"with":[30,55,92,127,139,168],"automotive":[31],"radar":[32],"sensors,":[33],"which":[34,100],"led":[36],"to":[37,130,145,164],"a":[38,70,79,87,104,116,140,170],"body":[39],"research":[41],"Joint":[43],"Radar-Communication":[44],"(JRC).":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"considers":[48],"problem":[50,77],"time-sharing":[52],"JRC,":[54],"additional":[57],"simultaneous":[58],"objective":[59],"minimizing":[61],"average":[63],"age":[64],"information":[66],"(AoI)":[67],"transmitted":[68],"by":[69],"JRC-equipped":[71],"AV.":[72],"We":[73,84],"first":[74],"formulate":[75],"as":[78,103],"Markov":[80,107],"Decision":[81],"Process":[82],"(MDP).":[83],"then":[85],"propose":[86,115],"more":[88],"general":[89],"multi-agent":[90,117],"system,":[91],"an":[93],"appropriate":[94],"medium":[95],"access":[96],"control":[97],"(MAC)":[98],"protocol,":[99],"is":[101],"formulated":[102],"partially":[105],"observed":[106],"game":[108],"(POMG).":[109],"To":[110],"solve":[111],"POMG,":[113],"we":[114],"extension":[118],"Proximal":[121],"Policy":[122],"Optimization":[123],"(PPO)":[124],"algorithm,":[125],"along":[126],"algorithmic":[128],"features":[129],"enhance":[131],"learning":[132,159],"from":[133],"raw":[134],"observations.":[135],"Simulations":[136],"run":[138],"range":[141],"environmental":[143],"parameters":[144],"mimic":[146],"variations":[147],"in":[148],"real-world":[149],"operation.":[150],"results":[152],"show":[153],"that":[154],"chosen":[156],"deep":[157],"reinforcement":[158],"methods":[160],"allow":[161],"agents":[163],"obtain":[165],"strong":[166],"performance":[167],"minimal":[169],"priori":[171],"knowledge":[172],"about":[173],"environment.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}