{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3202629807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3116593","title":"Energy-Constrained Computation Offloading in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks Using Distributionally Robust Optimization","display_name":"Energy-Constrained Computation Offloading in Space-Air-Ground Integrated Networks Using Distributionally Robust Optimization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3202629807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3116593","mag":"3202629807"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3116593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3116593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085824200","display_name":"Yali Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-2585"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yali Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-Speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3933-2585","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-Speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100620739","display_name":"Bo Ai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6850-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Ai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-Speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Networking and Data Analysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","Research Center of Networks and Communications, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6850-0595","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Frontiers Science Center for Smart High-Speed Railway System, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Networking and Data Analysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of Networks and Communications, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002187290","display_name":"Yong Niu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7278-5527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7278-5527","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100440579","display_name":"Hongliang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-8612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20089843","display_name":"Princeton University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hx57361","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongliang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3393-8612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20089843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":60.4239,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99814227,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"11","first_page":"12113","last_page":"12125"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12042","display_name":"Satellite Communication Systems","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7068673372268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6483944058418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6226244568824768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5420428514480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robust-optimization","display_name":"Robust optimization","score":0.538740336894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.48508110642433167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.4800758957862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.45845478773117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-device","display_name":"Edge device","score":0.42574864625930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34912803769111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.29617929458618164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7068673372268677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6483944058418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6226244568824768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5420428514480591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193254401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2160088","display_name":"Robust optimization","level":2,"score":0.538740336894989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.48508110642433167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.4800758957862854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.45845478773117065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.42574864625930786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34912803769111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.29617929458618164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3116593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3116593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1752373702","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61961130391","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1977818731","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61725101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2170054067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020JBM089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2276927157","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RCS2021ZT009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323067","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2547389823","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RCS2020ZT010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323067","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2680719155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1834210","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G31471538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2128368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3963153775","display_name":"D2D\u4f7f\u80fd\u7684\u6beb\u7c73\u6ce2\u5c0f\u8702\u7a9d\u5b50\u4fe1\u9053\u5206\u914d\u673a\u5236\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61801016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G400433832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2107216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4841802684","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1806903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5584984662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RCS2019ZZ007,","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323067","funder_display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6026921953","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020JBZD005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8624758400","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YJS218","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323067","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Rail Traffic Control and Safety","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336026","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China Stem Cell and Translational Research","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968355947","https://openalex.org/W2042816232","https://openalex.org/W2149200615","https://openalex.org/W2170344528","https://openalex.org/W2374131623","https://openalex.org/W2613070411","https://openalex.org/W2767105570","https://openalex.org/W2793108066","https://openalex.org/W2804501159","https://openalex.org/W2805161269","https://openalex.org/W2885673822","https://openalex.org/W2886485362","https://openalex.org/W2897479511","https://openalex.org/W2901608252","https://openalex.org/W2924948991","https://openalex.org/W2962804513","https://openalex.org/W2962847915","https://openalex.org/W2964018918","https://openalex.org/W2968009374","https://openalex.org/W2972876874","https://openalex.org/W2977524535","https://openalex.org/W2994708364","https://openalex.org/W3001491569","https://openalex.org/W3009823869","https://openalex.org/W3012372362","https://openalex.org/W3022596461","https://openalex.org/W3029554135","https://openalex.org/W3045994129","https://openalex.org/W3081420426","https://openalex.org/W3081933036","https://openalex.org/W3106659200","https://openalex.org/W4240278190","https://openalex.org/W6766132365"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3149055374","https://openalex.org/W2053131036","https://openalex.org/W2216231335","https://openalex.org/W3195104199","https://openalex.org/W4386254288","https://openalex.org/W4292572523","https://openalex.org/W2809352861","https://openalex.org/W2056349093","https://openalex.org/W2952007803","https://openalex.org/W2919687292"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,9,43,87,97,108,118,125,133,155,164,179,185,190,200,208,220],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,75,110,120,127,224],"connecting":[5],"massive":[6],"devices":[7],"to":[8,42,69,83,100,103,117,138,177,198,218],"Internet,":[10],"especially":[11],"for":[12,90],"remote":[13],"areas":[14],"without":[15],"cellular":[16],"network":[17],"infrastructures,":[18],"space-air-ground":[19],"integrated":[20],"networks":[21],"(SAGINs)":[22],"emerge":[23],"and":[24,51,79,122,170,212,222],"offload":[25,104],"computation-intensive":[26],"tasks.":[27,112],"In":[28],"this":[29,160],"paper,":[30],"we":[31,162,204],"consider":[32],"a":[33,66,84,167,172],"SAGIN,":[34],"where":[35,102],"multiple":[36],"low-earth-orbit":[37],"(LEO)":[38],"satellites":[39],"providing":[40,56],"connections":[41],"cloud":[44,88],"server,":[45],"an":[46],"unmanned":[47],"aerial":[48],"vehicle":[49],"(UAV),":[50],"nearby":[52],"base":[53],"stations":[54],"(BSs)":[55],"edge":[57],"computing":[58],"services":[59],"are":[60],"included.":[61],"The":[62],"UAV":[63,98],"flies":[64],"along":[65],"fixed":[67],"trajectory":[68],"collect":[70],"tasks":[71,82,129],"generated":[72],"by":[73],"Internet":[74],"Things":[76],"(IoT)":[77],"devices,":[78],"forwards":[80],"these":[81],"BS":[85],"or":[86,145],"server":[89],"further":[91],"processing.":[92],"To":[93,158],"facilitate":[94],"efficient":[95],"processing,":[96],"needs":[99],"decide":[101],"as":[105,107],"well":[106],"proportion":[109],"offloaded":[111],"However,":[113],"in":[114],"practice,":[115],"due":[116],"variability":[119],"environment":[121],"actual":[123],"demand,":[124],"amount":[126],"arrival":[128],"is":[130,136,196],"uncertain.":[131],"If":[132],"deterministic":[134],"optimization":[135,175,194],"utilized":[137],"develop":[139],"offloading":[140],"strategy,":[141],"unnecessary":[142],"system":[143,156,182],"overhead":[144],"higher":[146],"task":[147],"drop":[148],"rate":[149],"may":[150],"occur,":[151],"which":[152],"severely":[153],"damages":[154],"robustness.":[157],"address":[159],"issue,":[161],"characterize":[163],"uncertainty":[165],"with":[166,214],"data-driven":[168],"approach,":[169],"formulate":[171],"distributionally":[173,191],"robust":[174,192],"problem":[176],"minimize":[178],"expected":[180],"energy-constrained":[181],"latency":[183,193],"under":[184],"worst-case":[186],"probability":[187],"distribution.":[188],"Furthermore,":[189],"algorithm":[195],"proposed":[197,226],"reach":[199],"sub-optimal":[201],"solution.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"perform":[205],"simulations":[206],"on":[207],"real-world":[209],"data":[210],"set,":[211],"compare":[213],"other":[215],"benchmark":[216],"schemes":[217],"verify":[219],"efficiency":[221],"robustness":[223],"our":[225],"algorithm.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}