{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3194024996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3104280","title":"Differential STBC-SM Scheme for Uplink Multi-User Massive MIMO Communications: System Design and Performance Analysis","display_name":"Differential STBC-SM Scheme for Uplink Multi-User Massive MIMO Communications: System Design and Performance Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3194024996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3104280","mag":"3194024996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3104280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3104280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060411908","display_name":"Jing Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3621-381X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC and 6GIC Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC and 6GIC Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026003516","display_name":"Lixia Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-8356"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210138186","display_name":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/03c9ncn37","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixia Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7959-8356","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210138186","https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002566516","display_name":"Pei Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pei Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC and 6GIC Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7886-5878","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC and 6GIC Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112180290","display_name":"Atta Ul Quddus","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Atta Quddus","raw_affiliation_strings":["5GIC and 6GIC Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"5GIC and 6GIC Institute for Communication Systems (ICS), University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085081830","display_name":"Chang He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-3380"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chang He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Network RAN Research Department, Shanghai Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Network RAN Research Department, Shanghai Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101481640","display_name":"Lei L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2905-805X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250955327","display_name":"Huawei Technologies (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00cmhce21","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless Network RAN Research Department, Shanghai Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2905-805X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Network RAN Research Department, Shanghai Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250955327"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1187,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77496748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"10","first_page":"10236","last_page":"10251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space\u2013time-block-code","display_name":"Space\u2013time block code","score":0.8366544246673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-code","display_name":"Block code","score":0.7159553170204163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6856255531311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-coding","display_name":"Differential coding","score":0.6334257125854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5504499673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5205315351486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4987647533416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-shift-keying","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","score":0.4947962164878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4744758903980255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.47240203619003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmit-diversity","display_name":"Transmit diversity","score":0.4708611071109772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4562472403049469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4551418423652649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.43464595079421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding-gain","display_name":"Coding gain","score":0.4125775396823883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.37090006470680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.3615950345993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3243267238140106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.2699645161628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.21765971183776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17603230476379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.1135135293006897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83487572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371792","display_name":"Space\u2013time block code","level":4,"score":0.8366544246673584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157125643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q884707","display_name":"Block code","level":3,"score":0.7159553170204163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6856255531311035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79880414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5275338","display_name":"Differential coding","level":3,"score":0.6334257125854492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5504499673843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5205315351486206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4987647533416748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186378180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4874866","display_name":"Phase-shift keying","level":4,"score":0.4947962164878845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4744758903980255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.47240203619003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117218131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834664","display_name":"Transmit diversity","level":4,"score":0.4708611071109772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4562472403049469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4551418423652649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.43464595079421997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76862118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1105671","display_name":"Coding gain","level":3,"score":0.4125775396823883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.37090006470680237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.3615950345993042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3243267238140106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.2699645161628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.21765971183776855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17603230476379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.1135135293006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3104280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3104280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11152748810002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3363566034","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020kfyXJJS111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5449388699","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/P03456X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7369215879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62001179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7806824190","display_name":"New Air Interface Techniques for Future Massive Machine Communications","funder_award_id":"EP/P03456X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1509988829","https://openalex.org/W1522045078","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W2018760005","https://openalex.org/W2029262884","https://openalex.org/W2038619638","https://openalex.org/W2067605736","https://openalex.org/W2072184935","https://openalex.org/W2076157696","https://openalex.org/W2076415656","https://openalex.org/W2101421262","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2147930274","https://openalex.org/W2151208459","https://openalex.org/W2152692275","https://openalex.org/W2157506678","https://openalex.org/W2295559644","https://openalex.org/W2334570067","https://openalex.org/W2493309683","https://openalex.org/W2539198515","https://openalex.org/W2564881213","https://openalex.org/W2582220099","https://openalex.org/W2608594893","https://openalex.org/W2730293471","https://openalex.org/W2889804290","https://openalex.org/W2895226415","https://openalex.org/W2940845926","https://openalex.org/W2945942907","https://openalex.org/W2963170755","https://openalex.org/W2963905561","https://openalex.org/W3025043532","https://openalex.org/W3046190486","https://openalex.org/W3082518973","https://openalex.org/W3105800191","https://openalex.org/W3159913259","https://openalex.org/W4243696438","https://openalex.org/W4256217385","https://openalex.org/W6654967247","https://openalex.org/W6755179697"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2524200362","https://openalex.org/W2785360409","https://openalex.org/W2604302002","https://openalex.org/W2354554844","https://openalex.org/W2186742520","https://openalex.org/W2608594893","https://openalex.org/W2016970366","https://openalex.org/W2112421384","https://openalex.org/W2135715151","https://openalex.org/W4255255116"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"a":[3,55,84,117],"novel":[4,118],"differential":[5,28,152,172,177],"space-time":[6],"block":[7,56,60],"coded":[8,111],"spatial":[9,173],"modulation":[10,74,174],"(differential":[11],"STBC-SM)":[12],"is":[13,53,123,156],"proposed":[14,51,151],"for":[15],"uplink":[16],"multi-user":[17],"massive":[18],"multiple-input":[19],"multiple-output":[20],"(MIMO)":[21],"communications,":[22],"which":[23,88,107],"combines":[24],"the":[25,34,38,41,50,66,96,99,132,140,150,170],"concept":[26],"of":[27,40,49],"coding":[29],"and":[30,72,176],"STBC-SM":[31,105,153],"to":[32,104,158,168],"enhance":[33],"diversity":[35],"benefits":[36],"in":[37],"absence":[39],"channel":[42],"state":[43],"information":[44,93],"(CSI).":[45],"The":[46],"transmission":[47,154],"structure":[48,155],"system":[52],"on":[54,131],"basis,":[57],"where":[58],"each":[59],"contains":[61],"two":[62,113],"sub-blocks.":[63,115],"More":[64],"specifically,":[65],"first":[67],"sub-block":[68],"only":[69],"conveys":[70],"amplitude":[71],"phase":[73],"(APM)":[75],"symbol":[76],"bits,":[77],"since":[78],"its":[79],"transmit":[80],"antennas":[81],"(TAs)":[82],"obey":[83],"pre-designed":[85],"activation":[86],"pattern,":[87],"do":[89],"not":[90],"carry":[91],"any":[92],"bit.":[94],"For":[95],"second":[97],"sub-block,":[98],"input":[100],"bits":[101],"are":[102,108],"modulated":[103],"matrices,":[106],"then":[109],"differentially":[110],"between":[112],"adjacent":[114],"Moreover,":[116],"block-by-block":[119],"based":[120],"non-coherent":[121],"detector":[122],"presented.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"we":[126],"derive":[127],"an":[128],"upper":[129],"bound":[130],"average":[133],"bit":[134,161],"error":[135,162],"probability":[136],"(ABEP)":[137],"by":[138],"using":[139],"moment":[141],"generating":[142],"function":[143],"(MGF).":[144],"Our":[145],"simulation":[146],"results":[147],"show":[148],"that":[149],"able":[157],"acquire":[159],"considerable":[160],"rate":[163],"(BER)":[164],"performance":[165],"improvements":[166],"compared":[167],"both":[169],"conventional":[171],"(DSM)":[175],"Alamouti":[178],"schemes.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}