{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3057233808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3103634","title":"Total Cost of Ownership Optimization for Direct Air-to-Ground Communication Networks","display_name":"Total Cost of Ownership Optimization for Direct Air-to-Ground Communication Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3057233808","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3103634","mag":"3057233808"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3103634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3103634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.08728","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000135728","display_name":"Ergin Dinc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-206X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110186","display_name":"\u0160koda (Czechia)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mr2n737","country_code":"CZ","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763","https://openalex.org/I4210110186","https://openalex.org/I4210125314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151353","display_name":"Centre de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux Cavendish","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypdje89","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44930506","display_name":"\u0160koda Auto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zpfcb35","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44930506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["CA","CZ","GB","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ergin Dinc","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","GG2 Department, Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, Czech Republic","the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cam-bridge, CB3 0HE,UK","Depart-ment of Communication Systems, School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6982-206X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GG2 Department, Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44930506","https://openalex.org/I4210110186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cam-bridge, CB3 0HE,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depart-ment of Communication Systems, School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055389192","display_name":"Michal Vondra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7476-3578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110186","display_name":"\u0160koda (Czechia)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mr2n737","country_code":"CZ","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763","https://openalex.org/I4210110186","https://openalex.org/I4210125314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151353","display_name":"Centre de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux Cavendish","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypdje89","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44930506","display_name":"\u0160koda Auto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zpfcb35","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44930506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["CA","CZ","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michal Vondra","raw_affiliation_strings":["GG2 Department, Skoda Auto a.s., Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, Czech Republic","KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cam-bridge, CB3 0HE,UK","Depart-ment of Communication Systems, School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","GG2 Department, Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7476-3578","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"GG2 Department, Skoda Auto a.s., Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210110186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cam-bridge, CB3 0HE,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151353"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depart-ment of Communication Systems, School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GG2 Department, Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44930506","https://openalex.org/I4210110186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006937058","display_name":"\u00c7i\u00e7ek \u00c7avdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-4491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210110186","display_name":"\u0160koda (Czechia)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mr2n737","country_code":"CZ","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763","https://openalex.org/I4210110186","https://openalex.org/I4210125314"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151353","display_name":"Centre de Sant\u00e9 et de Services Sociaux Cavendish","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypdje89","country_code":"CA","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44930506","display_name":"\u0160koda Auto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02zpfcb35","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44930506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["CA","CZ","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cicek Cavdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","Depart-ment of Communication Systems, School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","GG2 Department, Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, Czech Republic","KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cam-bridge, CB3 0HE,UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0525-4491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Depart-ment of Communication Systems, School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"GG2 Department, Mlad\u00e1 Boleslav, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44930506","https://openalex.org/I4210110186"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm 164 40, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cam-bridge, CB3 0HE,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151353"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8848,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72103484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"10","first_page":"10157","last_page":"10172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.7871510982513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5132184028625488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.491271436214447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4869719445705414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.48142334818840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.46447503566741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4245830178260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-telephony","display_name":"Mobile telephony","score":0.41514867544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3250473141670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3200315833091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-radio","display_name":"Mobile radio","score":0.2918851971626282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.7871510982513428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5132184028625488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.491271436214447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4869719445705414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.48142334818840027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.46447503566741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4245830178260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.41514867544174194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3250473141670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3200315833091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781307350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6887221","display_name":"Mobile radio","level":2,"score":0.2918851971626282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3103634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3103634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2008.08728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.08728","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.08728","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2008.08728","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2008.08728","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.08728","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338387","display_name":"EIT Digital","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516710497","https://openalex.org/W1595367758","https://openalex.org/W1654873433","https://openalex.org/W1876163483","https://openalex.org/W1956027752","https://openalex.org/W1982114716","https://openalex.org/W1997834106","https://openalex.org/W1998703344","https://openalex.org/W2010268490","https://openalex.org/W2049158557","https://openalex.org/W2065118341","https://openalex.org/W2067040941","https://openalex.org/W2078097627","https://openalex.org/W2079617919","https://openalex.org/W2083241806","https://openalex.org/W2095843437","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2098653595","https://openalex.org/W2106400463","https://openalex.org/W2142574711","https://openalex.org/W2147056723","https://openalex.org/W2159536302","https://openalex.org/W2178844428","https://openalex.org/W2226542185","https://openalex.org/W2238937638","https://openalex.org/W2252348718","https://openalex.org/W2277068273","https://openalex.org/W2312824131","https://openalex.org/W2468858020","https://openalex.org/W2504519301","https://openalex.org/W2565010509","https://openalex.org/W2748647762","https://openalex.org/W2755310971","https://openalex.org/W2763141569","https://openalex.org/W2781973655","https://openalex.org/W2784309553","https://openalex.org/W2786311868","https://openalex.org/W2787038408","https://openalex.org/W2789779539","https://openalex.org/W2891856159","https://openalex.org/W2908200469","https://openalex.org/W2911511157","https://openalex.org/W2963523817","https://openalex.org/W2963580658","https://openalex.org/W2963638537","https://openalex.org/W2963894235","https://openalex.org/W2963899602","https://openalex.org/W2964010262","https://openalex.org/W2969731533","https://openalex.org/W3099908750","https://openalex.org/W3105465735","https://openalex.org/W3122347462","https://openalex.org/W4205279868","https://openalex.org/W4298028708","https://openalex.org/W6637041372","https://openalex.org/W6745072374","https://openalex.org/W6789069590"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297310313","https://openalex.org/W2963149344","https://openalex.org/W4200445394","https://openalex.org/W2012551222","https://openalex.org/W2097644939","https://openalex.org/W4303414366","https://openalex.org/W2067196003","https://openalex.org/W2594059527","https://openalex.org/W1724300815","https://openalex.org/W2357429841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aircraft":[0],"cabins":[1],"are":[2,121],"one":[3],"of":[4,84,87,107,139,159],"the":[5,23,53,72,81,88,99,105,130,137,152],"last":[6],"venues":[7],"without":[8],"mobile":[9],"broadband.":[10],"Considering":[11],"future":[12],"5G":[13],"applications":[14],"and":[15,31,79,114,116,169,176],"connectivity":[16],"requirements,":[17],"direct":[18,40],"air-to-ground":[19],"communications":[20],"(DA2GC)":[21],"is":[22,75],"only":[24],"technique":[25],"which":[26],"can":[27,147],"provide":[28,92],"high":[29],"capacity":[30,127],"low":[32],"latency":[33],"backhaul":[34],"link":[35],"for":[36,58,94,173],"aircraft":[37],"via":[38],"a":[39,143,163],"communication":[41],"link.":[42],"To":[43],"this":[44],"end,":[45,131],"we":[46,132],"propose":[47],"an":[48],"analytical":[49],"framework":[50,74],"to":[51,77,91,125,150],"investigate":[52],"ground":[54,108,160,174],"station":[55,175],"deployment":[56,119],"problem":[57],"DA2GC":[59,67,89],"network":[60,90,103,141,146],"employing":[61],"multi-user":[62],"beamforming":[63],"with":[64,156,162],"dual-polarized":[65],"hybrid":[66],"antenna":[68,171],"arrays.":[69],"In":[70],"addition,":[71],"proposed":[73],"utilized":[76],"analyze":[78],"optimize":[80],"total":[82],"cost":[83,138],"ownership":[85],"(TCO)":[86],"coverage":[93],"European":[95,154],"airspace.":[96],"We":[97],"present":[98],"interplay":[100],"between":[101],"different":[102,140],"parameters:":[104],"number":[106,158],"stations,":[109],"array":[110,165],"size,":[111,166],"transmit":[112],"power":[113],"bandwidth,":[115],"TCO":[117],"optimizing":[118],"parameters":[120],"calculated":[122],"in":[123],"order":[124],"satisfy":[126],"requirements.":[128],"At":[129],"show":[133],"that,":[134],"depending":[135],"on":[136],"resources,":[142],"terrestrial":[144],"cellular":[145],"be":[148],"designed":[149],"cover":[151],"whole":[153],"airspace":[155],"limited":[157],"stations":[161],"certain":[164],"i.e.,":[167],"900":[168],"361":[170],"elements":[172],"air":[177],"station,":[178],"respectively.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T08:13:44.112507","created_date":"2020-08-24T00:00:00"}
