{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169938377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3086558","title":"Gaussian Tracking With Kent-Distributed Direction-of-Arrival Measurements","display_name":"Gaussian Tracking With Kent-Distributed Direction-of-Arrival Measurements","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169938377","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3086558","mag":"3169938377"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3086558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3086558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049418113","display_name":"\u00c1ngel F. Garc\u00eda\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6471-8455"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3020445194","display_name":"Universidad Nebrija","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzyrt94","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130378879","display_name":"Liverpool College","ror":"https://ror.org/027xc7098","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130378879"]}],"countries":["ES","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angel Garcia-Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["ARIES Research Centre, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain","Department of Electrical Engineering, and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6471-8455","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ARIES Research Centre, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3020445194"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I3130378879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083636287","display_name":"Simon Maskell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1917-2913"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130378879","display_name":"Liverpool College","ror":"https://ror.org/027xc7098","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130378879"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simon Maskell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1917-2913","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I3130378879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067315679","display_name":"Paul Horridge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9381-3557"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130378879","display_name":"Liverpool College","ror":"https://ror.org/027xc7098","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130378879"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Horridge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I3130378879"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088124267","display_name":"Jason F. Ralph","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4946-9948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130378879","display_name":"Liverpool College","ror":"https://ror.org/027xc7098","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130378879"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jason Ralph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781","https://openalex.org/I3130378879"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3934,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58868971,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"7","first_page":"7249","last_page":"7254"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10711","display_name":"Target Tracking and Data Fusion in Sensor Networks","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.6563345789909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/direction-of-arrival","display_name":"Direction of arrival","score":0.6340603828430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.603346586227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5868135094642639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5835373401641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-process","display_name":"Gaussian process","score":0.47649115324020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44319796562194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.4141431748867035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterated-function","display_name":"Iterated function","score":0.41097143292427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3594065308570862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3295794725418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.13775578141212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.1274101734161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12476876378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09468799829483032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.6563345789909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172051844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5280438","display_name":"Direction of arrival","level":3,"score":0.6340603828430176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.603346586227417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5868135094642639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5835373401641846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.47649115324020386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44319796562194824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4141431748867035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140479938","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5254619","display_name":"Iterated function","level":2,"score":0.41097143292427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3594065308570862},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3295794725418091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.13775578141212463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1274101734161377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12476876378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09468799829483032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3086558","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3086558","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3699247952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1000143726","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","funder_display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332972","display_name":"Defence Science and Technology Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04jswqb94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W88520345","https://openalex.org/W763002626","https://openalex.org/W1581723339","https://openalex.org/W1746819321","https://openalex.org/W1808206046","https://openalex.org/W2009918934","https://openalex.org/W2028082528","https://openalex.org/W2042851446","https://openalex.org/W2076969785","https://openalex.org/W2123487311","https://openalex.org/W2127695678","https://openalex.org/W2133578061","https://openalex.org/W2160337655","https://openalex.org/W2275423219","https://openalex.org/W2518047326","https://openalex.org/W2741858421","https://openalex.org/W2768501204","https://openalex.org/W2787797505","https://openalex.org/W2801342153","https://openalex.org/W2890429580","https://openalex.org/W2942971106","https://openalex.org/W2963528578","https://openalex.org/W4205113689","https://openalex.org/W4211049957","https://openalex.org/W4232464081","https://openalex.org/W4246202668","https://openalex.org/W6622190108","https://openalex.org/W6634808964","https://openalex.org/W6726481539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006474185","https://openalex.org/W2483195039","https://openalex.org/W2281797687","https://openalex.org/W2358411735","https://openalex.org/W2048211457","https://openalex.org/W4250650723","https://openalex.org/W2611761074","https://openalex.org/W2288323322","https://openalex.org/W2169866437","https://openalex.org/W1964286703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3],"Gaussian":[4],"tracking":[5],"algorithm":[6,21,60],"with":[7],"direction-of-arrival":[8],"(DOA)":[9],"measurements":[10,34],"modelled":[11],"via":[12,90],"the":[13,20,24,29,36,50,59,71,78,86],"Kent":[14,25],"distribution.":[15],"The":[16,83],"key":[17],"aspect":[18],"of":[19,32,70,85],"is":[22,88],"that":[23],"distribution":[26,53],"directly":[27],"models":[28],"specific":[30],"characteristics":[31],"DOA":[33],"in":[35,45],"3-D":[37],"space,":[38],"and":[39,47,77],"can":[40],"account":[41],"for":[42],"different":[43],"uncertainties":[44],"azimuth":[46],"elevation,":[48],"which":[49],"von":[51],"Mises-Fisher":[52],"cannot.":[54],"At":[55],"each":[56],"update":[57],"step,":[58],"performs":[61],"iterated":[62],"statistical":[63],"linear":[64],"regressions.":[65],"We":[66],"provide":[67],"two":[68],"implementations":[69],"algorithms,":[72],"one":[73],"based":[74],"on":[75,80],"sigma-points":[76],"other":[79],"analytical":[81],"linearisation.":[82],"effectiveness":[84],"approach":[87],"evaluated":[89],"numerical":[91],"simulations.":[92]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}