{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2910280139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3076709","title":"Robust Power Allocation in Covert Communication: Imperfect CDI","display_name":"Robust Power Allocation in Covert Communication: Imperfect CDI","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2910280139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3076709","mag":"2910280139"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3076709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3076709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.04914","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021302824","display_name":"Moslem Forouzesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3559-5994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moslem Forouzesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","Tarbiat Modares University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3559-5994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tarbiat Modares University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034801509","display_name":"Paeiz Azmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-3462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paeiz Azmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","Tarbiat Modares University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-3462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tarbiat Modares University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090238254","display_name":"Nader Mokari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5364-8888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Mokari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","Tarbiat Modares University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5364-8888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tarbiat Modares University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064436231","display_name":"Dennis Goeckel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-9515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Goeckel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical, and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","University of Massachusetts, Amherst"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-9515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical, and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Amherst","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2034,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48347589,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"6","first_page":"5789","last_page":"5802"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.7653945684432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.7387145161628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice","display_name":"Alice (programming language)","score":0.6857548952102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6311929821968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alice-and-bob","display_name":"Alice and Bob","score":0.617048978805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6158286333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variance","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","score":0.5354324579238892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.484468936920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imperfect","display_name":"Imperfect","score":0.46706539392471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.46152395009994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4297584295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3470401167869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.1100892722606659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08985880017280579}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.7653945684432983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.7387145161628723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778222013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1136926","display_name":"Alice (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.6857548952102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6311929821968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127964579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649676","display_name":"Alice and Bob","level":3,"score":0.617048978805542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6158286333084106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.5354324579238892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.484468936920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780310539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12547192","display_name":"Imperfect","level":2,"score":0.46706539392471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.46152395009994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4297584295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3470401167869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.1100892722606659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08985880017280579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3076709","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3076709","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1901.04914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.04914","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.04914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2910280139","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.04914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1901.04914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1901.04914","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1901.04914","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1901.04914","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1901.04914","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4099999964237213,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5315951834","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1564067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7872692562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"98020505","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322243","funder_display_name":"Iran National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322243","display_name":"Iran National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03sr1ma14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335353","display_name":"National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka","ror":"https://ror.org/010xaa060"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W636358068","https://openalex.org/W1553773604","https://openalex.org/W1592225892","https://openalex.org/W1897081267","https://openalex.org/W1986059166","https://openalex.org/W1989274820","https://openalex.org/W1994810168","https://openalex.org/W2041322191","https://openalex.org/W2045006214","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2100044493","https://openalex.org/W2109364787","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2295172321","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2339094490","https://openalex.org/W2416574153","https://openalex.org/W2482435033","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2515178122","https://openalex.org/W2594393372","https://openalex.org/W2604892708","https://openalex.org/W2808367635","https://openalex.org/W2893082680","https://openalex.org/W2896420513","https://openalex.org/W2903188535","https://openalex.org/W2906954590","https://openalex.org/W2950582173","https://openalex.org/W2954197931","https://openalex.org/W2963381616","https://openalex.org/W2964286662","https://openalex.org/W2964289634","https://openalex.org/W2987093331","https://openalex.org/W3000032937","https://openalex.org/W3001150855","https://openalex.org/W3009494512","https://openalex.org/W3025456008","https://openalex.org/W3028777793","https://openalex.org/W3042842504","https://openalex.org/W3102020296","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W4234669218","https://openalex.org/W4250589301"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3158646292","https://openalex.org/W3102020296","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2803661323","https://openalex.org/W3000752090","https://openalex.org/W2889042096","https://openalex.org/W636358068","https://openalex.org/W1897081267","https://openalex.org/W2976081738","https://openalex.org/W2809254485","https://openalex.org/W3088622320","https://openalex.org/W3201949613","https://openalex.org/W2918065873","https://openalex.org/W3150430581","https://openalex.org/W2001283559","https://openalex.org/W2893082680","https://openalex.org/W2594393372","https://openalex.org/W2952387468","https://openalex.org/W3196757786","https://openalex.org/W3112875285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"study":[1],"of":[2,6,24,40,51,74,96,152,163],"the":[3,49,52,56,61,79,90,100,114,142,145,159,164,173,180,194,238],"fundamental":[4],"limits":[5],"covert":[7,130,199,247],"communications,":[8],"where":[9],"a":[10,18,38,94,153,203],"transmitter":[11,101,143],"Alice":[12,111,171],"wants":[13],"to":[14,17,68,77,86,112,192,202,214,236],"send":[15],"information":[16,64],"desired":[19],"recipient":[20],"Bob":[21],"without":[22],"detection":[23],"that":[25,48,197],"transmission":[26],"by":[27,128],"an":[28,222],"attentive":[29],"and":[30,89,102,117,161,226],"capable":[31],"warden":[32],"Willie,":[33],"has":[34,46],"emerged":[35],"recently":[36],"as":[37],"topic":[39],"great":[41],"research":[42],"interest.":[43],"Previous":[44],"work":[45],"assumed":[47],"distribution":[50,63,147,166,175],"multipath":[53],"fading":[54],"on":[55,136],"channel,":[57],"which":[58],"we":[59,124,187,227],"term":[60],"channel":[62,146,165,174],"(CDI),":[65],"is":[66,148,176,182],"known":[67],"Alice,":[69],"hence":[70],"facilitating":[71],"her":[72],"characterization":[73],"Willie's":[75],"capabilities":[76],"detect":[78],"signal.":[80],"However,":[81],"in":[82,224],"practice,":[83],"Willie":[84,103,210],"tends":[85],"be":[87,212,219],"passive":[88],"environment":[91],"heterogeneous,":[92],"implying":[93],"lack":[95],"signaling":[97],"interchange":[98],"between":[99],"makes":[104],"it":[105],"difficult":[106],"if":[107],"not":[108],"impossible":[109],"for":[110,133,244],"estimate":[113,215],"CDI":[115,216],"exactly":[116,217],"provide":[118],"covertness":[119,204],"guarantees.":[120],"In":[121,184],"this":[122,126],"paper,":[123],"address":[125],"issue":[127],"developing":[129],"communication":[131],"schemes":[132,240],"various":[134,242],"assumptions":[135],"Alice's":[137],"imperfect":[138],"CDI:":[139],"1)":[140],"when":[141,157,170],"knows":[144,172],"within":[149],"some":[150],"distance":[151],"nominal":[154],"distribution;":[155],"2)":[156],"only":[158],"mean":[160],"variance":[162,181],"are":[167,234],"available;":[168],"3)":[169],"complex":[177],"Gaussian":[178],"but":[179],"unknown.":[183],"each":[185],"case,":[186],"formulate":[188],"new":[189],"optimization":[190],"problems":[191],"find":[193],"power":[195],"allocations":[196],"maximize":[198],"rate":[200],"subject":[201],"requirement":[205],"under":[206],"uncertain":[207],"CDI.":[208],"Moreover,":[209],"may":[211],"able":[213],"or":[218],"faced":[220],"with":[221],"error":[223],"estimation,":[225],"investigate":[228],"two":[229],"these":[230],"issues.":[231],"Numerical":[232],"results":[233],"presented":[235],"compare":[237],"proposed":[239],"from":[241],"aspects,":[243],"attaining":[245],"desirable":[246],"system":[248],"performance.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}