{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3096248966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3065221","title":"Base Station and Passive Reflectors Placement for Urban mmWave Networks","display_name":"Base Station and Passive Reflectors Placement for Urban mmWave Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3096248966","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3065221","mag":"3096248966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3065221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3065221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.01920","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067213733","display_name":"Chethan Kumar Anjinappa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-4498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chethan Kumar Anjinappa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","North Carolina State University ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0784-4498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086688379","display_name":"Fatih Erden","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-3063"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatih Erden","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","North Carolina State University ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1708-3063","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016722903","display_name":"\u0130smail G\u00fcven\u00e7","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-6242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Guvenc","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","North Carolina State University ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1387-6242","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical, and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067213733"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.305,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54342612,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"4","first_page":"3525","last_page":"3539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-line-of-sight-propagation","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","score":0.8353134989738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.6365596055984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6159274578094482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.6065500974655151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.5539787411689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set-cover-problem","display_name":"Set cover problem","score":0.5503326654434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5335351228713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.5261088013648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ray-tracing","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","score":0.4722960293292999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-planning-and-design","display_name":"Network planning and design","score":0.45310091972351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3616291284561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.29247844219207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22245508432388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.21750253438949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.15993773937225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14667126536369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1099705696105957}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.8353134989738464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.6365596055984497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6159274578094482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.6065500974655151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.5539787411689758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100808899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192100","display_name":"Set cover problem","level":3,"score":0.5503326654434204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5335351228713989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5261088013648987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121483023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7298343","display_name":"Ray tracing (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4722960293292999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114563136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19725982","display_name":"Network planning and design","level":2,"score":0.45310091972351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3616291284561157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.29247844219207764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22245508432388306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.21750253438949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.15993773937225342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14667126536369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1099705696105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3065221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3065221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.01920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.01920","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.01920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3096248966","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/2011.01920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2011.01920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2011.01920","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2011.01920","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2011.01920","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.01920","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.8100000023841858}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W591305657","https://openalex.org/W1564897360","https://openalex.org/W1989750313","https://openalex.org/W1991056455","https://openalex.org/W2008105706","https://openalex.org/W2023314550","https://openalex.org/W2031834036","https://openalex.org/W2067293149","https://openalex.org/W2104074482","https://openalex.org/W2119266139","https://openalex.org/W2125186487","https://openalex.org/W2138020668","https://openalex.org/W2154912975","https://openalex.org/W2202678121","https://openalex.org/W2275969031","https://openalex.org/W2290621667","https://openalex.org/W2316425429","https://openalex.org/W2437823381","https://openalex.org/W2508393166","https://openalex.org/W2518264398","https://openalex.org/W2579947163","https://openalex.org/W2586812582","https://openalex.org/W2588475973","https://openalex.org/W2619476580","https://openalex.org/W2731060207","https://openalex.org/W2738239325","https://openalex.org/W2887026884","https://openalex.org/W2905177534","https://openalex.org/W2920268274","https://openalex.org/W2929799957","https://openalex.org/W2963643040","https://openalex.org/W2963910277","https://openalex.org/W2964054382","https://openalex.org/W2964343301","https://openalex.org/W2968810373","https://openalex.org/W2978495917","https://openalex.org/W2980598706","https://openalex.org/W2995220356","https://openalex.org/W2996313530","https://openalex.org/W2996605732","https://openalex.org/W3000620275","https://openalex.org/W3003290868","https://openalex.org/W3003977160","https://openalex.org/W3009323697","https://openalex.org/W3080106712","https://openalex.org/W3094572777","https://openalex.org/W3098342240","https://openalex.org/W3118963999","https://openalex.org/W3217246742","https://openalex.org/W6652376180","https://openalex.org/W6739292198","https://openalex.org/W6745461618","https://openalex.org/W6748992687","https://openalex.org/W6756273565","https://openalex.org/W6772203424","https://openalex.org/W6773658570","https://openalex.org/W6774676378","https://openalex.org/W6784435077","https://openalex.org/W6903936295","https://openalex.org/W6948063273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3135591409","https://openalex.org/W2995447833","https://openalex.org/W2593251263","https://openalex.org/W3122864568","https://openalex.org/W3023529477","https://openalex.org/W3047776827","https://openalex.org/W2767160212","https://openalex.org/W3135099491","https://openalex.org/W3091941385","https://openalex.org/W3047209370","https://openalex.org/W2991190772","https://openalex.org/W3013095206","https://openalex.org/W2621047859","https://openalex.org/W3163480286","https://openalex.org/W3026376459","https://openalex.org/W2905177534","https://openalex.org/W3035953913","https://openalex.org/W2886507787","https://openalex.org/W2919984499","https://openalex.org/W2982450598"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"use":[1],"of":[2,13,31,73,123,146,182],"millimeter-wave":[3],"(mmWave)":[4],"bands":[5],"in":[6,56,173,206],"5G":[7],"networks":[8],"introduces":[9],"a":[10,36,45,67,105,138,151],"new":[11],"set":[12],"challenges":[14],"to":[15,19,34,78,82,92,127,185,200],"network":[16,33,114,177],"planning.":[17],"Vulnerability":[18],"blockages":[20],"and":[21,96,100,125,136,154],"high":[22],"path":[23,107],"loss":[24,108],"at":[25],"mmWave":[26,52,176],"frequencies":[27],"require":[28,197],"careful":[29],"planning":[30,115,174],"the":[32,70,94,113,129,133,144,160,170,175,180,187,191,202,209],"achieve":[35],"desired":[37,139],"service":[38],"quality.":[39],"In":[40,86],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"we":[43,88,103],"propose":[44],"novel":[46],"3D":[47],"geometry-based":[48],"framework":[49],"for":[50,69],"deploying":[51],"base":[53],"stations":[54],"(gNBs)":[55],"urban":[57],"environments":[58],"by":[59],"considering":[60,169],"first-order":[61,171],"reflection":[62],"effects.":[63],"We":[64,110,142],"also":[65],"provide":[66],"solution":[68],"optimum":[71],"deployment":[72,134,210],"passive":[74],"metallic":[75],"reflectors":[76],"(PMRs)":[77],"extend":[79],"radio":[80],"coverage":[81,130],"non-line-of-sight":[83],"(NLoS)":[84],"areas.":[85],"particular,":[87],"perform":[89],"visibility":[90,98],"analysis":[91],"find":[93],"direct":[95],"indirect":[97],"regions,":[99],"using":[101,150],"these,":[102],"derive":[104],"geometry-and-blockage-aided":[106],"model.":[109],"then":[111],"formulate":[112],"problem":[116],"as":[117],"two":[118],"independent":[119],"optimization":[120],"problems,":[121],"placement":[122,193],"gNB(s)":[124],"PMRs,":[126],"maximize":[128],"area,":[131,204],"minimize":[132],"cost,":[135],"maintain":[137],"quality-of-service":[140],"level.":[141],"test":[143],"efficacy":[145],"our":[147,156],"proposed":[148],"approach":[149],"generic":[152],"map":[153],"compare":[155],"simulation":[157,165],"results":[158,166],"with":[159,195],"ray":[161],"tracing":[162],"solution.":[163],"Our":[164],"show":[167],"that":[168],"reflections":[172],"helps":[178],"reduce":[179],"number":[181],"PMRs":[183,196],"required":[184],"cover":[186,201],"NLoS":[188],"area.":[189],"Moreover,":[190],"gNB":[192],"aided":[194],"fewer":[198],"gNBs":[199],"same":[203],"which":[205],"turn":[207],"reduces":[208],"cost.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
