{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122940095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3054312","title":"Comparing State-of-the-Art and Emerging Augmented Reality Interfaces for Autonomous Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication","display_name":"Comparing State-of-the-Art and Emerging Augmented Reality Interfaces for Autonomous Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122940095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3054312","mag":"3122940095"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3054312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3054312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019033681","display_name":"Filippo Gabriele Prattic\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-8552"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Gabriele Prattico","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007824853","display_name":"Fabrizio Lamberti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7703-1372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Lamberti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046675890","display_name":"Alberto Cannav\u00f2","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6884-9268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alberto Cannavo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051768981","display_name":"Lia Morra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2122-7178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lia Morra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083219829","display_name":"Paolo Montuschi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2563-2250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Montuschi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dipartimento di Automatica e Informatica, Politecnico Di Torino, Torino, Italy]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.3629,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9812195,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"2","first_page":"1157","last_page":"1168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.8016741275787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/augmented-reality","display_name":"Augmented reality","score":0.7779679298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.7189550399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.6887820959091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6209747195243835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5677046775817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5231046676635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.49257880449295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.44466179609298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42002007365226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.281274676322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.2544194161891937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.13075360655784607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.8016741275787354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.7779679298400879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7189550399780273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.6887820959091187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6209747195243835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5677046775817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5231046676635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.49257880449295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.44466179609298706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42002007365226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.281274676322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.2544194161891937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.13075360655784607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3054312","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3054312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19399978","https://openalex.org/W1527516633","https://openalex.org/W1586430680","https://openalex.org/W1977651358","https://openalex.org/W1994877858","https://openalex.org/W2016085394","https://openalex.org/W2019160302","https://openalex.org/W2044140042","https://openalex.org/W2157289187","https://openalex.org/W2184456119","https://openalex.org/W2339435260","https://openalex.org/W2462466550","https://openalex.org/W2524115939","https://openalex.org/W2570517107","https://openalex.org/W2588644984","https://openalex.org/W2615547864","https://openalex.org/W2623741925","https://openalex.org/W2747698533","https://openalex.org/W2756029264","https://openalex.org/W2757876960","https://openalex.org/W2759166613","https://openalex.org/W2761435849","https://openalex.org/W2766995355","https://openalex.org/W2795538447","https://openalex.org/W2885800163","https://openalex.org/W2888917705","https://openalex.org/W2891692369","https://openalex.org/W2892028528","https://openalex.org/W2906647810","https://openalex.org/W2922896969","https://openalex.org/W2963697717","https://openalex.org/W2966828280","https://openalex.org/W2969741293","https://openalex.org/W2973754011","https://openalex.org/W2973769932","https://openalex.org/W2974832674","https://openalex.org/W2974871515","https://openalex.org/W2979997028","https://openalex.org/W3094147194","https://openalex.org/W3097975410","https://openalex.org/W3121870388","https://openalex.org/W4225555528","https://openalex.org/W4294555119","https://openalex.org/W4297797225","https://openalex.org/W6737769214","https://openalex.org/W6743046431","https://openalex.org/W6746017494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2172197285","https://openalex.org/W2991048842","https://openalex.org/W2750280393","https://openalex.org/W2355696739","https://openalex.org/W2736982640","https://openalex.org/W4378228262","https://openalex.org/W4378228679","https://openalex.org/W3107375852","https://openalex.org/W2752321621","https://openalex.org/W2789244453"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Providing":[0],"pedestrians":[1,140],"and":[2,17,41,52,95,118,164,191,200,220],"other":[3],"vulnerable":[4],"road":[5,53],"users":[6],"with":[7,59,77,211],"a":[8,12,30,113,135],"clear":[9],"indication":[10],"about":[11,218],"fully":[13],"autonomous":[14],"vehicle":[15],"status":[16],"intentions":[18],"is":[19],"crucial":[20],"to":[21,105,154,204],"make":[22],"them":[23],"coexist.":[24],"In":[25],"the":[26,156,176,181,194,214,223,239],"last":[27],"few":[28],"years,":[29],"variety":[31],"of":[32,109,115,159,180,189,196,222],"external":[33],"interfaces":[34,55,82,117],"have":[35,88,97],"been":[36,89,99],"proposed,":[37],"leveraging":[38,162],"different":[39,67],"paradigms":[40],"technologies":[42],"including":[43],"vehicle-mounted":[44],"devices":[45],"(like":[46],"LED":[47,205],"panels),":[48],"short-range":[49],"on-road":[50],"projections,":[51],"infrastructure":[54],"(e.g.,":[56],"special":[57],"asphalts":[58],"embedded":[60],"displays).":[61],"These":[62],"designs":[63,120,183],"were":[64],"experimented":[65],"in":[66,142,187,238],"settings,":[68],"using":[69],"mockups,":[70],"specially":[71],"prepared":[72],"vehicles,":[73],"or":[74],"virtual":[75],"environments,":[76],"heterogeneous":[78],"evaluation":[79],"metrics.":[80,166],"Promising":[81],"based":[83],"on":[84,213],"Augmented":[85],"Reality":[86],"(AR)":[87],"proposed":[90],"too,":[91],"but":[92],"their":[93],"usability":[94],"effectiveness":[96],"not":[98],"tested":[100],"yet.":[101],"This":[102],"paper":[103],"aims":[104],"complement":[106],"such":[107],"body":[108],"literature":[110],"by":[111,139],"presenting":[112],"comparison":[114],"state-of-the-art":[116,185],"new":[119],"under":[121,145],"common":[122],"conditions.":[123,147],"To":[124],"this":[125,229],"aim,":[126],"an":[127],"immersive":[128],"Virtual":[129],"Reality-based":[130],"simulation":[131],"was":[132,151],"developed,":[133],"recreating":[134],"well-known":[136],"scenario":[137],"represented":[138],"crossing":[141],"urban":[143],"environments":[144],"non-regulated":[146],"A":[148],"user":[149],"study":[150,230],"then":[152],"performed":[153],"investigate":[155],"various":[157,215,224],"dimensions":[158],"vehicle-to-pedestrian":[160],"interaction":[161],"objective":[163],"subjective":[165],"Even":[167],"though":[168],"no":[169],"interface":[170],"clearly":[171],"stood":[172],"out":[173],"over":[174],"all":[175],"considered":[177],"dimensions,":[178,216],"one":[179],"AR":[182],"achieved":[184],"results":[186],"terms":[188],"safety":[190],"trust,":[192],"at":[193],"cost":[195],"higher":[197],"cognitive":[198],"effort":[199],"lower":[201],"intuitiveness":[202],"compared":[203],"panels":[206],"showing":[207],"anthropomorphic":[208],"features.":[209],"Together":[210],"rankings":[212],"indications":[217],"advantages":[219],"drawbacks":[221],"alternatives":[225],"that":[226],"emerged":[227],"from":[228],"could":[231],"provide":[232],"important":[233],"information":[234],"for":[235],"next":[236],"developments":[237],"field.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}