{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3119480457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3051640","title":"Performance Analysis of TDD Multicell Massive MIMO Systems With Non-Orthogonal Pilots and Hardware Imperfections in Rician Fading Channels","display_name":"Performance Analysis of TDD Multicell Massive MIMO Systems With Non-Orthogonal Pilots and Hardware Imperfections in Rician Fading Channels","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3119480457","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3051640","mag":"3119480457"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3051640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3051640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084162678","display_name":"Xiangjun Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6104-4563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiangjun Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028336223","display_name":"Xianfu Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-458X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4800084","display_name":"Southwest Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hn7w693","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianfu Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013867024","display_name":"Wei Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9341-8382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Networking and Data Analysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Networking and Data Analysis, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034411238","display_name":"P. Takis Mathiopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Takis Mathiopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084162678"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4800084","https://openalex.org/I76569877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58409714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"70","issue":"2","first_page":"1347","last_page":"1364"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rician-fading","display_name":"Rician fading","score":0.8894685506820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7200565338134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.7197032570838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.6165075302124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-state-information","display_name":"Channel state information","score":0.5503008365631104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5075620412826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.45282939076423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4445127248764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4352053999900818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39798229932785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26501429080963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.22492894530296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.22043421864509583}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60472773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7331156","display_name":"Rician fading","level":4,"score":0.8894685506820679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7200565338134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.7197032570838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.6165075302124023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148063708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072511","display_name":"Channel state information","level":3,"score":0.5503008365631104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5075620412826538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.45282939076423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4445127248764038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4352053999900818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39798229932785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26501429080963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.22492894530296326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.22043421864509583}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2021.3051640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2021.3051640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2217038780","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021D05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","funder_display_name":"Southeast University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2610789849","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2682018CX27","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6546769403","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62022026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8882420975","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61871109","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324856","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1555260690","https://openalex.org/W1971443733","https://openalex.org/W1985811162","https://openalex.org/W1989400597","https://openalex.org/W1991616057","https://openalex.org/W1999833500","https://openalex.org/W2010225894","https://openalex.org/W2105392125","https://openalex.org/W2121743251","https://openalex.org/W2141682101","https://openalex.org/W2142238976","https://openalex.org/W2147056723","https://openalex.org/W2147601077","https://openalex.org/W2152481521","https://openalex.org/W2286275639","https://openalex.org/W2493390539","https://openalex.org/W2542673463","https://openalex.org/W2569554180","https://openalex.org/W2587375609","https://openalex.org/W2597206177","https://openalex.org/W2618085405","https://openalex.org/W2735748257","https://openalex.org/W2741629713","https://openalex.org/W2754625146","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2782501944","https://openalex.org/W2807116278","https://openalex.org/W2894085760","https://openalex.org/W2895367859","https://openalex.org/W2912786557","https://openalex.org/W2952268029","https://openalex.org/W2963415238","https://openalex.org/W2963511957","https://openalex.org/W2964023610","https://openalex.org/W3002317518","https://openalex.org/W3009656397","https://openalex.org/W3013192867","https://openalex.org/W3015425850","https://openalex.org/W3093981086","https://openalex.org/W3098966262","https://openalex.org/W3099905582","https://openalex.org/W3100399470","https://openalex.org/W3100966058"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365807906","https://openalex.org/W2157864637","https://openalex.org/W4223416141","https://openalex.org/W2130460934","https://openalex.org/W2546639359","https://openalex.org/W2172055400","https://openalex.org/W1922070205","https://openalex.org/W1976249538","https://openalex.org/W3102122595","https://openalex.org/W3052336460"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,155],"performance":[1,207,236,257],"of":[2,90,144,208,216,242,253],"a":[3,59,101,214],"time-division":[4],"duplex":[5],"(TDD)":[6],"multicell":[7],"massive":[8],"MIMO":[9],"(M":[10],"<sup":[11,174],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[12,175],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[13,176],"-MIMO)":[14],"system":[15,56],"with":[16,95,119],"non-orthogonal":[17],"pilots":[18,77],"(Non-OPs)":[19],"for":[20,72,133,147],"channel":[21,123],"estimation":[22],"(CE)":[23],"and":[24,36,50,75,81,112,121,136,199,249],"hardware":[25],"imperfections":[26],"(HWIs),":[27],"i.e.,":[28],"low-precision":[29],"ADCs/DACs":[30],"at":[31],"the":[32,64,88,91,109,130,142,171,184,192,206,217,224,231,247,251,254],"base":[33],"station":[34],"(BS)":[35],"non-ideally":[37],"operating":[38],"user":[39],"equipment":[40],"(UE)":[41],"distorted":[42],"by":[43,204,240],"RF":[44],"chain":[45],"impairments":[46],"(RF-CIs),":[47],"is":[48,84,159,233],"analyzed":[49],"evaluated.":[51],"Assuming":[52],"that":[53,87],"this":[54,106],"communication":[55],"operates":[57],"in":[58],"Rician":[60],"fading":[61],"channel,":[62],"firstly,":[63],"minimum":[65],"mean":[66],"square":[67],"error":[68,94],"(MMSE)":[69],"CE":[70,93,107],"complexity":[71],"both":[73,134],"Non-OPs":[74,96,135,146],"orthogonal":[76],"(OPs)":[78],"are":[79,127,138],"derived":[80],"compared.":[82],"It":[83],"also":[85,160],"shown":[86],"variance":[89],"MMSE":[92],"can":[97],"be":[98],"approximated":[99],"as":[100,213],"linear":[102],"fraction.":[103],"Based":[104],"on":[105,166],"analysis,":[108],"uplink":[110],"(UL)":[111],"downlink":[113],"(DL)":[114],"spectral":[115],"efficiency":[116,197],"(SE)":[117],"performances":[118,132],"ideal":[120],"non-ideal":[122],"state":[124],"information":[125],"(CSI)":[126],"derived.":[128],"Furthermore,":[129],"UL-SE":[131,200],"OPs":[137],"compared":[139],"to":[140,162,182],"show":[141],"advantage":[143],"using":[145],"applications":[148],"which":[149,229],"have":[150,245],"very":[151],"high":[152],"connectivity":[153],"requirements.":[154],"power":[156,188],"scaling":[157],"law":[158],"used":[161],"obtain":[163],"additional":[164],"insights":[165],"how":[167],"these":[168],"HWIs":[169],"affect":[170],"overall":[172],"M":[173],"-MIMO":[177],"SE":[178],"performance.":[179],"In":[180],"order":[181],"balance":[183],"total":[185],"BS":[186],"circuitry":[187],"consumption":[189],"against":[190],"UL-SE,":[191],"tradeoff":[193],"between":[194],"UL":[195],"energy":[196],"(EE)":[198],"has":[201],"been":[202],"investigated":[203],"analyzing":[205],"several":[209],"receive":[210],"detection":[211],"strategies":[212],"function":[215],"employed":[218],"ADC":[219],"quantization":[220],"bits":[221],"(Q-bits).":[222],"Moreover,":[223],"optimal":[225],"ADC/DAC":[226],"Q-bit":[227],"region":[228],"maximizes":[230],"DL-EE":[232],"identified.":[234],"Various":[235],"evaluation":[237,258],"results":[238],"obtained":[239],"means":[241],"computer":[243],"simulations":[244],"verified":[246],"analysis":[248],"validated":[250],"accuracy":[252],"equivalent":[255],"theoretical":[256],"results.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
