{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3106557886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3042128","title":"RF Fingerprinting Unmanned Aerial Vehicles With Non-Standard Transmitter Waveforms","display_name":"RF Fingerprinting Unmanned Aerial Vehicles With Non-Standard Transmitter Waveforms","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3106557886","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3042128","mag":"3106557886"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3042128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3042128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038366215","display_name":"Nasim Soltani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8709-653X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasim Soltani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8709-653X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026301347","display_name":"Guillem Reus-Muns","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7996-3496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guillem Reus-Muns","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7996-3496","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006853947","display_name":"Batool Salehi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Batool Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042038501","display_name":"Jennifer Dy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8430-134X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Dy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049931304","display_name":"Stratis Ioannidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-4751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stratis Ioannidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8355-4751","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080483470","display_name":"Kaushik Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3570-2622"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Wireless Internet of Things, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":131,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97728539,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"12","first_page":"15518","last_page":"15531"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11038","display_name":"Advanced SAR Imaging Techniques","score":0.9704999923706055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7057244181632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6912555694580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6173840165138245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.546801745891571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5301588177680969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5119041204452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.47237828373908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.45929402112960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.39999520778656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3808252811431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.34995242953300476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.314233660697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.1718340814113617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1395542323589325}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7057244181632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6912555694580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6173840165138245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.546801745891571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5301588177680969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5119041204452515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47237828373908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.45929402112960815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.39999520778656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3808252811431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.34995242953300476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.314233660697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.1718340814113617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1395542323589325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3042128","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3042128","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W117218953","https://openalex.org/W1980399913","https://openalex.org/W2002376034","https://openalex.org/W2146502635","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2395288210","https://openalex.org/W2464322612","https://openalex.org/W2610812060","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2739491688","https://openalex.org/W2768726319","https://openalex.org/W2784145041","https://openalex.org/W2797804613","https://openalex.org/W2889328478","https://openalex.org/W2903139904","https://openalex.org/W2916832800","https://openalex.org/W2927473073","https://openalex.org/W2937290901","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2956459828","https://openalex.org/W2964138953","https://openalex.org/W2976792973","https://openalex.org/W2979775957","https://openalex.org/W2994792572","https://openalex.org/W2995089893","https://openalex.org/W2999467118","https://openalex.org/W3006534981","https://openalex.org/W3007372812","https://openalex.org/W3009567480","https://openalex.org/W3015448029","https://openalex.org/W3047279638","https://openalex.org/W3092863397","https://openalex.org/W3095910127","https://openalex.org/W3125048251","https://openalex.org/W6681435938","https://openalex.org/W6789771945","https://openalex.org/W6980131659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W1974895211","https://openalex.org/W2176409448","https://openalex.org/W2129841057","https://openalex.org/W3040712279","https://openalex.org/W2106913410","https://openalex.org/W4380372336","https://openalex.org/W2364769705","https://openalex.org/W2354248671","https://openalex.org/W2056136368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,104],"universal":[1],"availability":[2],"of":[3,107,195],"unmanned":[4],"aerial":[5],"vehicles":[6],"(UAVs)":[7],"has":[8],"resulted":[9],"in":[10,28,32,59,78,180],"many":[11],"applications":[12],"where":[13,51],"the":[14,60,65,85,90,101,143,172,188],"same":[15],"make/model":[16],"can":[17],"be":[18,37,167],"deployed":[19],"by":[20,39,171],"multiple":[21],"parties.":[22],"Thus,":[23],"identifying":[24],"a":[25,29,33,52,70,75,94,118,122,148,176,214,222],"specific":[26],"UAV":[27,181,210],"given":[30],"swarm,":[31],"manner":[34],"that":[35,165],"cannot":[36,166],"spoofed":[38],"software":[40],"methods,":[41],"becomes":[42],"important.":[43],"We":[44],"propose":[45],"RF":[46,82,129,160],"fingerprinting":[47,161],"for":[48,146,221],"this":[49,108,113],"purpose,":[50],"neural":[53,134,224],"network":[54,91,135,225],"learns":[55],"subtle":[56],"imperfections":[57],"present":[58],"transmitted":[61],"waveform.":[62],"For":[63],"UAVs,":[64],"constant":[66],"hovering":[67],"motion":[68],"raises":[69],"key":[71],"challenge,":[72],"which":[73],"remains":[74],"fundamental":[76],"problem":[77,114],"previous":[79],"works":[80],"on":[81,100,162],"fingerprinting:":[83],"Since":[84],"wireless":[86],"channel":[87],"changes":[88],"constantly,":[89],"trained":[92],"with":[93,121,191,199],"previously":[95],"collected":[96],"dataset":[97],"performs":[98],"poorly":[99],"test":[102],"data.":[103],"main":[105],"contribution":[106],"paper":[109],"is":[110],"to":[111,132,137,213],"address":[112],"by:":[115],"(i)":[116],"proposing":[117],"multi-classifier":[119,144,185,205],"scheme":[120,145,206],"two-step":[123],"score-based":[124],"aggregation":[125],"method,":[126],"(ii)":[127],"using":[128],"data":[130,200],"augmentation":[131],"increase":[133],"robustness":[136],"hovering-induced":[138],"variations,":[139],"and":[140],"(iii)":[141],"extending":[142],"detecting":[147],"new":[149,209],"UAV,":[150],"not":[151],"seen":[152],"earlier":[153],"during":[154],"training.":[155],"Importantly,":[156],"our":[157,184],"approach":[158],"permits":[159],"manufacturer-proprietary":[163],"waveforms":[164],"decoded":[168],"or":[169],"altered":[170],"end-user.":[173],"Results":[174],"reveal":[175],"near":[177,215],"two-fold":[178],"accuracy":[179,194,212],"classification":[182],"through":[183],"method":[186],"over":[187],"single-classifier":[189],"case,":[190],"an":[192],"overall":[193],"95%":[196],"when":[197],"tested":[198],"under":[201],"unseen":[202],"channel.":[203],"Our":[204],"also":[207],"improves":[208],"detection":[211],"perfect":[216],"99%,":[217],"up":[218],"from":[219],"68%":[220],"single":[223],"approach.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
