{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107242135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3040596","title":"Energy-Latency Tradeoff for Dynamic Computation Offloading in Vehicular Fog Computing","display_name":"Energy-Latency Tradeoff for Dynamic Computation Offloading in Vehicular Fog Computing","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107242135","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3040596","mag":"3107242135"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3040596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3040596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/43276/1/1448502_Kaiwartya.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069494737","display_name":"Rahul Yadav","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7514-4517"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Yadav","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, and with Cyberspace Security Research Center, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, and with Cyberspace Security Research Center, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793","https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085221201","display_name":"Weizhe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4783-876X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harbin Institute of Technology, and with Cyberspace Security Research Center, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harbin Institute of Technology, and with Cyberspace Security Research Center, Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793","https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030757255","display_name":"Omprakash Kaiwartya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9669-8244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xyxjd90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omprakash Kaiwartya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG1, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079301418","display_name":"Houbing Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2631-9223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","display_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","ror":"https://ror.org/010jskt71","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houbing Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Security and Optimization for Networked Globe Laboratory (SONG Lab), Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Security and Optimization for Networked Globe Laboratory (SONG Lab), Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005228053","display_name":"Shui Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4485-6743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shui Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology Sydney and also with Peng Cheng Laboratory, Ultimo, NSW, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology Sydney and also with Peng Cheng Laboratory, Ultimo, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069494737"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213","https://openalex.org/I4210136793"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.3606,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":200,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99231187,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"12","first_page":"14198","last_page":"14211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloudlet","display_name":"Cloudlet","score":0.962073802947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8168707489967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation-offloading","display_name":"Computation offloading","score":0.7466043829917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.6926003694534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6198517680168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.512169361114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.48781755566596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.46930909156799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4637148380279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.45433691143989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3385709524154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.2286299765110016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12339386343955994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07260960340499878}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781055072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325266","display_name":"Cloudlet","level":3,"score":0.962073802947998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8168707489967346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.7466043829917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.6926003694534302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6198517680168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.512169361114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.48781755566596985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.46930909156799316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4637148380279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45433691143989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3385709524154663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.2286299765110016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12339386343955994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07260960340499878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3040596","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3040596","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irep.ntu.ac.uk:43276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/43276/1/1448502_Kaiwartya.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400559","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","host_organization_name":"Nottingham Trent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:works.bepress.com:houbing_song-1480","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://works.bepress.com/houbing_song/370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196356","display_name":"Scholarly Commons (Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84475105","host_organization_name":"Embry\u2013Riddle Aeronautical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84475105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Houbing Song","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:irep.ntu.ac.uk:43276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":"http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/43276/1/1448502_Kaiwartya.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400559","display_name":"Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I52590639","host_organization_name":"Nottingham Trent University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52590639"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3959885141","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61\u00a0872\u00a0110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5114685862","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61\u00a0672\u00a0186","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107242135.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1584270973","https://openalex.org/W1989091128","https://openalex.org/W1996713993","https://openalex.org/W2004912701","https://openalex.org/W2036775842","https://openalex.org/W2061000708","https://openalex.org/W2077517106","https://openalex.org/W2080346852","https://openalex.org/W2116175219","https://openalex.org/W2126043280","https://openalex.org/W2221980827","https://openalex.org/W2343050074","https://openalex.org/W2485510852","https://openalex.org/W2509709458","https://openalex.org/W2553698314","https://openalex.org/W2569043374","https://openalex.org/W2584077101","https://openalex.org/W2588660526","https://openalex.org/W2626588362","https://openalex.org/W2641990852","https://openalex.org/W2747537200","https://openalex.org/W2747596348","https://openalex.org/W2783956626","https://openalex.org/W2790661630","https://openalex.org/W2794343007","https://openalex.org/W2894873043","https://openalex.org/W2897099070","https://openalex.org/W2900947057","https://openalex.org/W2913196913","https://openalex.org/W2921337715","https://openalex.org/W2955500388","https://openalex.org/W2963354108","https://openalex.org/W2964335916","https://openalex.org/W2988930013","https://openalex.org/W3022468405","https://openalex.org/W3102642208","https://openalex.org/W3122087971","https://openalex.org/W6733618406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2807875418","https://openalex.org/W2010302594","https://openalex.org/W4391550106","https://openalex.org/W3026724586","https://openalex.org/W3006279627","https://openalex.org/W2748166927","https://openalex.org/W2033784617","https://openalex.org/W3100628847","https://openalex.org/W2799026114","https://openalex.org/W2584193722"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"Fog":[1],"Computing":[2],"(VFC)":[3],"provides":[4],"solutions":[5],"to":[6,28,82,150,176,204],"relieves":[7],"overload":[8,130],"cloudlet":[9,22,131,157],"nodes,":[10],"reduces":[11],"service":[12,87,223],"latency":[13,100,111],"during":[14],"peak":[15],"times,":[16],"and":[17,58,70,77,86,99,109,165,186,201,225],"saves":[18],"energy":[19,84,98],"for":[20,159,190],"battery-powered":[21],"nodes":[23],"by":[24,33],"offloading":[25,147,163],"user":[26,188],"tasks":[27,189],"a":[29,96,145,152,173],"vehicle":[30],"(vehicular":[31],"node)":[32],"exploiting":[34],"the":[35,44,68,92,124,140,166,178,183,206,216],"under-utilized":[36],"computation":[37],"resources":[38,78],"of":[39,47,55,168,221],"nearby":[40],"vehicular":[41,106,184],"node.":[42],"However,":[43],"wide":[45],"deployment":[46],"VFC":[48],"still":[49],"confronts":[50],"several":[51],"critical":[52],"challenges:":[53],"lack":[54],"energy-latency":[56,191,227],"tradeoff":[57],"efficient":[59],"resource":[60,137,179],"allocation":[61,79,180],"mechanisms.":[62],"In":[63,123,139,210],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66,127,143,171],"address":[67],"challenges":[69],"provide":[71],"an":[72,117,129,155],"Energy-efficient":[73],"dynamic":[74],"Computation":[75],"Offloading":[76],"Scheme":[80],"(ECOS)":[81],"minimize":[83],"consumption":[85],"latency.":[88],"We":[89,114],"first":[90,125],"formulate":[91],"ECOS":[93,118,207],"problem":[94,103,181],"as":[95],"joint":[97,226],"cost":[101,164],"minimization":[102],"while":[104],"satisfying":[105],"node":[107,132,158,185],"mobility":[108],"end-to-end":[110],"deadline":[112],"constraints.":[113],"then":[115],"propose":[116,128,144,172],"scheme":[119,214],"with":[120],"three":[121],"phases.":[122],"phase,":[126,142],"detection":[133],"policy":[134,149],"based":[135],"on":[136],"utilization.":[138],"second":[141],"computational":[146],"selection":[148],"select":[151],"task":[153],"from":[154],"overloaded":[156],"offloading,":[160],"which":[161],"minimizes":[162],"risk":[167],"overload.":[169],"Next,":[170],"heuristic":[174],"approach":[175],"solve":[177],"between":[182],"selected":[187],"tradeoff.":[192],"Extensive":[193],"simulations":[194],"have":[195],"been":[196],"conducted":[197],"under":[198],"realistic":[199],"highway":[200],"synthetic":[202],"scenarios":[203],"examine":[205],"scheme's":[208],"performance.":[209],"comparison,":[211],"our":[212],"proposed":[213],"outperforms":[215],"existing":[217],"schemes":[218],"in":[219],"terms":[220],"energy-saving,":[222],"latency,":[224],"cost.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":61},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}