{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3093860331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3032375","title":"Transparent and Accountable Vehicular Local Advertising With Practical Blockchain Designs","display_name":"Transparent and Accountable Vehicular Local Advertising With Practical Blockchain Designs","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3093860331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3032375","mag":"3093860331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3032375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3032375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017433297","display_name":"Dongxiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-6757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dongxiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2595-6757","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033931001","display_name":"Jianbing Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-0883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbing Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-0883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083787204","display_name":"Xiaodong Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-6645"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79817857","display_name":"University of Guelph","ror":"https://ror.org/01r7awg59","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaodong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8916-6645","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79817857"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100773343","display_name":"Xuemin Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuemin Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4140-287X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5017433297"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5052,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91784045,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"12","first_page":"15694","last_page":"15705"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7598137855529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.666670560836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.6146912574768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.48023325204849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.447584331035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.4119339883327484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.3804570138454437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7598137855529785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.666670560836792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.6146912574768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.48023325204849243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.447584331035614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.4119339883327484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.3804570138454437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3032375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3032375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.4000000059604645}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4180724","https://openalex.org/W851575271","https://openalex.org/W1424543055","https://openalex.org/W1872023060","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1971511680","https://openalex.org/W2018634415","https://openalex.org/W2018746447","https://openalex.org/W2043007983","https://openalex.org/W2118269922","https://openalex.org/W2266124366","https://openalex.org/W2535060913","https://openalex.org/W2594745756","https://openalex.org/W2613324404","https://openalex.org/W2626695100","https://openalex.org/W2676157184","https://openalex.org/W2739487772","https://openalex.org/W2772995340","https://openalex.org/W2789459541","https://openalex.org/W2790225875","https://openalex.org/W2793294490","https://openalex.org/W2794848620","https://openalex.org/W2882986534","https://openalex.org/W2889275267","https://openalex.org/W2889540440","https://openalex.org/W2913135383","https://openalex.org/W2913880216","https://openalex.org/W2948043589","https://openalex.org/W2949128058","https://openalex.org/W2949672923","https://openalex.org/W2971809202","https://openalex.org/W2972990332","https://openalex.org/W2980722019","https://openalex.org/W2989230924","https://openalex.org/W3015292646","https://openalex.org/W3016824677","https://openalex.org/W3106493248","https://openalex.org/W3151748982","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4242599275","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6734648662","https://openalex.org/W6763297938","https://openalex.org/W6793285265"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092702943","https://openalex.org/W4297798448","https://openalex.org/W4388187043","https://openalex.org/W4285161539","https://openalex.org/W2982625131","https://openalex.org/W4320715980","https://openalex.org/W3122124622","https://openalex.org/W3150062897","https://openalex.org/W3092627261","https://openalex.org/W3095399693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"local":[1,27,74,186,213],"advertising":[2,28,62,75,156,187,214],"enables":[3],"roadside":[4],"retailers":[5],"to":[6,12,16,205],"provide":[7],"timely":[8,58],"and":[9,33,71,81,96,100,112,123,152,165,192],"location-aware":[10],"advertisements":[11,49],"on-road":[13],"vehicular":[14,26,46,73,185,212],"users":[15],"attract":[17],"more":[18],"in-store":[19],"visits.":[20],"However,":[21],"the":[22,25,37,57,61,79,85,89,93,97,104,126,145,180,184,194,197,207,210],"prevalence":[23],"of":[24,60,84,92,138,147,174,183,209],"has":[29],"raised":[30],"increasing":[31],"transparency":[32],"accountability":[34],"concerns":[35],"on":[36,103,125],"spatial":[38,52,118,129,141],"keyword":[39,119,130,142],"query":[40,131,143],"process,":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43,54,56,189],"why":[44],"a":[45,69,116,172],"user":[47],"receives":[48],"from":[50],"specific":[51],"entities":[53],"well":[55],"detection":[59],"misbehavior.":[63],"In":[64,114],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67,106],"develop":[68],"transparent":[70],"accountable":[72],"system":[76,188],"by":[77],"utilizing":[78],"tamper-proof":[80],"open":[82],"nature":[83],"blockchain":[86],"technology.":[87],"Considering":[88],"large":[90],"scale":[91],"spatial-keyword":[94],"database":[95,120],"expensive":[98,162],"computation":[99,164],"storage":[101,166],"cost":[102,173],"blockchain,":[105],"introduce":[107],"two":[108,139],"design":[109],"strategies,":[110],"digest-and-verify":[111],"divide-then-assemble.":[113],"specific,":[115],"large-scale":[117],"is":[121,132],"digested":[122],"stored":[124],"blockchain.":[127],"The":[128],"then":[133],"conducted":[134],"with":[135,196],"modular":[136],"executions":[137],"off-chain":[140,176],"functions,":[144],"results":[146],"which":[148],"are":[149,168],"efficiently":[150],"assembled":[151],"verified":[153],"in":[154],"an":[155],"smart":[157],"contract.":[158],"By":[159],"doing":[160],"so,":[161],"on-chain":[163],"overheads":[167],"significantly":[169],"reduced":[170],"at":[171],"acceptable":[175],"overheads.":[177],"We":[178,200],"define":[179],"security":[181,198],"requirements":[182],"Auditing":[190],"Security":[191],"achieve":[193],"notion":[195],"analysis.":[199],"also":[201],"conduct":[202],"real-world":[203],"experiments":[204],"show":[206],"efficiency":[208],"blockchain-based":[211],"system.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
