{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084230511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3022168","title":"DwaRa: A Deep Learning-Based Dynamic Toll Pricing Scheme for Intelligent Transportation Systems","display_name":"DwaRa: A Deep Learning-Based Dynamic Toll Pricing Scheme for Intelligent Transportation Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084230511","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3022168","mag":"3084230511"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3022168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3022168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102892920","display_name":"Arpit Shukla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6247-6675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpit Shukla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053527968","display_name":"Pronaya Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1206-2298"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pronaya Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1206-2298","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089077811","display_name":"Sudeep Tanwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-4651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165831266","display_name":"Nirma University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qkq7x38","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sudeep Tanwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1776-4651","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165831266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409306","display_name":"Neeraj Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3947"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143578492","display_name":"Asia University","ror":"https://ror.org/038a1tp19","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162030827","display_name":"Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00wdq3744","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["IN","SA","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neeraj Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan","King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to be University, Patiala, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-3947","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Asia University, Taichung City, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143578492"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to be University, Patiala, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162030827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057916222","display_name":"Mohsen Guizani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohsen Guizani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-8094","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.0674,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97112602,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"11","first_page":"12510","last_page":"12520"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11344","display_name":"Traffic Prediction and Management Techniques","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6937872767448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-pricing","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","score":0.5647082924842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.5228284001350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toll","display_name":"Toll","score":0.4710747301578522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47011199593544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.450636088848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queueing-theory","display_name":"Queueing theory","score":0.4230736792087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.41426512598991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-congestion","display_name":"Traffic congestion","score":0.41139236092567444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.33396315574645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24246546626091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18521293997764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.17581290006637573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6937872767448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.5647082924842834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.5228284001350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778025104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll","level":2,"score":0.4710747301578522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47011199593544006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.450636088848114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.4230736792087555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.41426512598991394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779888511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244156","display_name":"Traffic congestion","level":2,"score":0.41139236092567444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.33396315574645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24246546626091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18521293997764587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.17581290006637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3022168","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3022168","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:qspace.qu.edu.qa:10576/36417","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10576/36417","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400014","display_name":"Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","host_organization_name":"Qatar University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2036785686","https://openalex.org/W2492250943","https://openalex.org/W2504266609","https://openalex.org/W2512890971","https://openalex.org/W2777163932","https://openalex.org/W2800426337","https://openalex.org/W2811490296","https://openalex.org/W2838396307","https://openalex.org/W2899826792","https://openalex.org/W2900459936","https://openalex.org/W2906830231","https://openalex.org/W2929102927","https://openalex.org/W2943063718","https://openalex.org/W2972361467","https://openalex.org/W2976882027","https://openalex.org/W2981569043","https://openalex.org/W2989970371","https://openalex.org/W3003303706","https://openalex.org/W3009300944","https://openalex.org/W6659849045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792841803","https://openalex.org/W2073316777","https://openalex.org/W2234058044","https://openalex.org/W3126076810","https://openalex.org/W2107993205","https://openalex.org/W576156795","https://openalex.org/W2135227262","https://openalex.org/W2053810344","https://openalex.org/W65202228","https://openalex.org/W3023977068"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,118],"Internet-of-Vehicles":[1],"(IoV)":[2],"ecosystems,":[3],"intelligent":[4],"toll":[5,73],"gates":[6],"(ITGs)":[7],"connect":[8],"nearby":[9],"metropolitan":[10],"cities":[11],"through":[12,213],"smart":[13,34,79,203],"highways.":[14],"At":[15,241],"ITGs,":[16],"existing":[17],"solutions":[18],"integrate":[19],"blockchain":[20],"(BC)":[21],"and":[22,28,43,50,64,155,172,200,208,237,247,272],"deep-learning":[23],"schemes":[24,75],"to":[25,71,92,130,151,181],"leverage":[26],"trusted":[27],"responsive":[29],"analytics":[30],"support":[31],"for":[32,62],"connected":[33,78],"vehicles":[35,80],"(CSVs)":[36],"at":[37,88,134,137],"ITGs.":[38],"BC":[39],"eliminates":[40],"third-party":[41],"intermediaries,":[42],"secures":[44],"payments":[45],"between":[46,197],"vehicle":[47,173],"owners":[48],"(VO)":[49],"governing":[51],"authorities":[52],"(GA).":[53],"Deep-Learning,":[54],"on":[55,77,127,158,163,193],"the":[56,98,119,132,166,183,189,198,201,253,279],"other":[57],"hand,":[58],"facilitates":[59],"accurate":[60],"predictions":[61],"diverse":[63],"complex":[65],"urban":[66],"traffic":[67,123,154],"conditions.":[68],"However,":[69],"due":[70,91],"fixed":[72,104],"pricing":[74,105,177],"based":[76,126,157,162,192],"(CSV)":[81],"type,":[82,171,174],"VOs":[83],"suffer":[84],"from":[85],"variable":[86],"delays":[87],"different":[89,135],"lanes":[90,136],"dynamic":[93,176,194],"congestion":[94,133],"scenarios.":[95],"To":[96],"address":[97],"research":[99],"gaps":[100],"of":[101,185,188,263],"such":[102],"a":[103,109,143,175,259],"schemes,":[106],"we":[107,141],"propose":[108,142],"BC-envisioned":[110],"scheme":[111,217,281],"DwaRa,":[112],"that":[113,277],"operates":[114],"in":[115],"three":[116],"phases.":[117],"first":[120],"phase,":[121],"future":[122],"is":[124,179,211,218,256,268,274],"predicted":[125,227],"Markov":[128,167],"queues":[129],"balance":[131],"ITGs":[138],"efficiently.":[139],"Then,":[140],"novel":[144],"spatially":[145],"induced-long-short":[146],"term":[147],"memory":[148],"(SI-LSTM)":[149],"model":[150],"predict":[152],"current":[153],"weather":[156],"historical":[159],"repositories.":[160],"Second,":[161],"inputs":[164],"by":[165],"model,":[168],"SI-LSTM,":[169],"lane":[170],"algorithm":[178],"presented":[180],"improve":[182],"quality":[184],"experience":[186],"(QoE)":[187],"VO.":[190],"Finally,":[191],"price":[195],"fixation":[196],"VO":[199],"GA,":[202],"contracts":[204],"(SCs)":[205],"are":[206],"executed":[207],"transactional":[209],"data":[210],"secured":[212],"BC.":[214],"The":[215,265],"proposed":[216,280],"compared":[219],"against":[220,283],"parameters":[221],"like":[222],"average":[223,261],"mean-squared":[224],"error":[225],"(MSE),":[226],"traffic,":[228],"scalability,":[229],"interplanetary":[230],"file":[231],"system":[232],"(IPFS)":[233],"storage,":[234],"computation":[235],"(CC),":[236],"communication":[238],"cost":[239],"(CCM).":[240],"n":[242],"=":[243,251],"100":[244],"test":[245],"samples,":[246],"arrival":[248],"rate":[249],"\u03b2":[250],"80,":[252],"obtained":[254],"MSE":[255],"0.0012,":[257],"with":[258],"peak":[260],"value":[262],"0.00526.":[264],"overall":[266],"CC":[267],"45.88":[269],"milliseconds":[270],"(ms)":[271],"CCM":[273],"53":[275],"bytes":[276],"indicate":[278],"efficacy":[282],"conventional":[284],"approaches.":[285]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}