{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3068347969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3017131","title":"An Augmentation Function for Active Pedestrian Safety System Based on Crash Risk Evaluation","display_name":"An Augmentation Function for Active Pedestrian Safety System Based on Crash Risk Evaluation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3068347969","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3017131","mag":"3068347969"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3017131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3017131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072215524","display_name":"Lishengsa Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0864-0075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lishengsa Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0864-0075","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040847417","display_name":"Mohamed Abdel\u2010Aty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4838-1573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed A. Abdel-Aty","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4838-1573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086271475","display_name":"Yina Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-8144"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yina Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-8144","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080479612","display_name":"Jinghui Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-1997"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinghui Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-1997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7509,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70205707,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"11","first_page":"12459","last_page":"12469"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedestrian","display_name":"Pedestrian","score":0.8664788007736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.8179051876068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kinematics","display_name":"Kinematics","score":0.5546584725379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.5471822023391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5169410109519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.45347434282302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4403853714466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4287172853946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/poison-control","display_name":"Poison control","score":0.4196716547012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4163956642150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transport-engineering","display_name":"Transport engineering","score":0.37395307421684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.35245901346206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.24347534775733948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2016339898109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14546766877174377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06523826718330383}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777113093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221488","display_name":"Pedestrian","level":2,"score":0.8664788007736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.8179051876068115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39920418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11476","display_name":"Kinematics","level":2,"score":0.5546584725379944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.5471822023391724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5169410109519958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45347434282302856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4403853714466095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4287172853946686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.4196716547012329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4163956642150879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.37395307421684265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.35245901346206665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.24347534775733948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2016339898109436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14546766877174377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06523826718330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3017131","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3017131","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4699999988079071,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W245064108","https://openalex.org/W365842767","https://openalex.org/W565786554","https://openalex.org/W782886206","https://openalex.org/W1183741114","https://openalex.org/W1569058755","https://openalex.org/W1976051126","https://openalex.org/W1990707145","https://openalex.org/W2012246789","https://openalex.org/W2082292845","https://openalex.org/W2098317899","https://openalex.org/W2111025459","https://openalex.org/W2117335568","https://openalex.org/W2121511604","https://openalex.org/W2147414309","https://openalex.org/W2150518582","https://openalex.org/W2164811148","https://openalex.org/W2324416534","https://openalex.org/W2410968923","https://openalex.org/W2495542270","https://openalex.org/W2561603333","https://openalex.org/W2592248316","https://openalex.org/W2606968845","https://openalex.org/W2773696836","https://openalex.org/W2794350381","https://openalex.org/W2895922401","https://openalex.org/W3010985198","https://openalex.org/W4247025672","https://openalex.org/W6609311912","https://openalex.org/W6622670276","https://openalex.org/W6627573374","https://openalex.org/W6683903408"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2392100589","https://openalex.org/W2512789322","https://openalex.org/W2026516036","https://openalex.org/W2101960027","https://openalex.org/W2197846993","https://openalex.org/W1976827262","https://openalex.org/W49697837","https://openalex.org/W3122828758","https://openalex.org/W2170799233","https://openalex.org/W830459867"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,198],"proposed":[2],"an":[3,226],"augmentation":[4,28,74,222],"function":[5,29,75],"to":[6,16,95,178,191,219],"current":[7,84,232],"active":[8],"pedestrian":[9,20,36,53,106,111,128],"safety":[10],"systems":[11],"(APSSs),":[12],"which":[13,224],"is":[14,82,176],"expected":[15],"be":[17,215],"effective":[18],"for":[19,228],"crashes":[21],"caused":[22],"by":[23],"pedestrians\u2019":[24],"unexpected":[25],"behavior.":[26],"The":[27,109],"estimates":[30],"the":[31,42,44,48,56,62,66,73,87,97,133,193,197,216,221],"crash":[32,45,67,98,158,171,194],"risk":[33,46,68,99],"with":[34,41,86],"a":[35,70,116,201,208],"given":[37,54],"its":[38],"time-space-distance":[39],"relationship":[40],"pedestrian;":[43],"represents":[47],"probability":[49],"of":[50,103,135,154,169,186,203,205,211],"hitting":[51],"that":[52,143,200],"all":[55],"pedestrian's":[57],"possible":[58,110],"random":[59,120],"trajectories":[60,112],"in":[61,123,152,167],"near":[63],"future.":[64],"Once":[65],"exceeds":[69],"toleration":[71],"threshold,":[72],"activates":[76],"evasive":[77,136,150,165],"actions,":[78],"even":[79],"if":[80],"there":[81],"no":[83],"conflict":[85],"pedestrian.":[88],"A":[89],"Monte":[90],"Carlo":[91],"process":[92],"was":[93,138,141],"used":[94],"estimate":[96],"under":[100],"different":[101],"sets":[102],"vehicle":[104],"and":[105,145,156,184,189,207],"kinematic":[107,125],"features.":[108],"were":[113,130],"sampled":[114],"from":[115],"fine-tuned":[117],"Markovian":[118],"integrated":[119],"walk":[121],"model;":[122],"particular,":[124],"variations":[126],"between":[127],"types":[129],"considered.":[131],"Then,":[132],"effectiveness":[134],"actions":[137,151,166],"evaluated.":[139],"It":[140],"found":[142],"children":[144],"young/middle-aged":[146],"pedestrians":[147,162],"require":[148],"higher-intensity":[149,164],"zones":[153,168],"moderate":[155],"severe":[157],"risk;":[159],"while":[160],"old":[161],"need":[163],"mild":[170],"risk.":[172,195],"In":[173],"addition,":[174],"it":[175],"necessary":[177],"select":[179],"proper":[180],"speed":[181],"reduction":[182],"rate":[183],"combination":[185],"lane":[187],"change":[188],"speed,":[190],"reduce":[192],"Finally,":[196],"demonstrated":[199],"field":[202],"view":[204],"50\u00b0":[206],"detection":[209],"range":[210],"40":[212],"m":[213],"would":[214],"minimum":[217],"requirement":[218],"support":[220],"function,":[223],"requires":[225],"upgrade":[227],"many":[229],"automobile":[230],"manufacturers\u2019":[231],"APSSs.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
