{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3048976518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3015787","title":"Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems Employing DFT-Assisted User Clustering","display_name":"Hybrid Beamforming for mmWave Massive MIMO Systems Employing DFT-Assisted User Clustering","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3048976518","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3015787","mag":"3048976518"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3015787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3015787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102960734","display_name":"Maliheh Soleimani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maliheh Soleimani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036993788","display_name":"Robert C. Elliott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5561-2088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert C. Elliott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030687850","display_name":"Witold A. Krzymie\u0144","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2799-4733"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Witold A. Krzymien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000790952","display_name":"Jordan Melzer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5564-5880"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800934870","display_name":"Telus (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/040vbkv27","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800934870"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan Melzer","raw_affiliation_strings":["TELUS Communications, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TELUS Communications, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800934870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065596669","display_name":"Pedram Mousavi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7067-6669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedram Mousavi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Wireless Technology Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Wireless Technology Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102960734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2329,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79451501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"10","first_page":"11646","last_page":"11658"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.8476896286010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.7464845776557922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6196126937866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6135081648826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.585395336151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5710271596908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.5670576691627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discrete-fourier-transform","display_name":"Discrete Fourier transform (general)","score":0.45844316482543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zero-forcing-precoding","display_name":"Zero-forcing precoding","score":0.4388091564178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4201408922672272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.24741944670677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fourier-transform","display_name":"Fourier transform","score":0.18562346696853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17471221089363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.16188254952430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14631375670433044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11103883385658264}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.8476896286010742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.7464845776557922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6196126937866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6135081648826599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.585395336151123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5710271596908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.5670576691627502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57733114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006032","display_name":"Discrete Fourier transform (general)","level":5,"score":0.45844316482543945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155437304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8069444","display_name":"Zero-forcing precoding","level":5,"score":0.4388091564178467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4201408922672272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.24741944670677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.18562346696853638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17471221089363098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.16188254952430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14631375670433044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11103883385658264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76563020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4817582","display_name":"Fractional Fourier transform","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203024314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365258","display_name":"Fourier analysis","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.3015787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.3015787","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.46000000834465027,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325651","display_name":"Alberta Innovates","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W905396345","https://openalex.org/W1584244501","https://openalex.org/W1956027752","https://openalex.org/W1975981182","https://openalex.org/W1977054492","https://openalex.org/W1981661761","https://openalex.org/W1984114931","https://openalex.org/W2008105706","https://openalex.org/W2023535408","https://openalex.org/W2025138368","https://openalex.org/W2034651337","https://openalex.org/W2035750833","https://openalex.org/W2047024541","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2068712429","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2101341474","https://openalex.org/W2103972037","https://openalex.org/W2116334496","https://openalex.org/W2136591193","https://openalex.org/W2140214428","https://openalex.org/W2162986857","https://openalex.org/W2164536085","https://openalex.org/W2165350939","https://openalex.org/W2167956149","https://openalex.org/W2195693430","https://openalex.org/W2469174679","https://openalex.org/W2475831358","https://openalex.org/W2539603415","https://openalex.org/W2569221055","https://openalex.org/W2592620715","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2786277529","https://openalex.org/W2891331796","https://openalex.org/W2981319699","https://openalex.org/W3099908750","https://openalex.org/W4230062321","https://openalex.org/W4235371447","https://openalex.org/W4239066252","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4312258136","https://openalex.org/W6652376180","https://openalex.org/W6662368100","https://openalex.org/W6728931052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111825998","https://openalex.org/W2326544815","https://openalex.org/W1973158664","https://openalex.org/W1731022149","https://openalex.org/W1996933839","https://openalex.org/W2000226056","https://openalex.org/W4386858283","https://openalex.org/W3190864439","https://openalex.org/W4315778014","https://openalex.org/W1993945082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0,24],"analog-digital":[1],"precoding":[2,39,74,176],"has":[3],"been":[4],"recognized":[5],"as":[6,76,78],"a":[7,143],"promising":[8],"potential":[9],"solution":[10],"to":[11,66,85,114],"facilitate":[12],"implementation":[13],"of":[14,38,50,70,111,120],"massive":[15],"multiple-input":[16],"multiple-output":[17],"systems":[18],"in":[19,140,163],"the":[20,27,36,41,51,67,117,121,141,150,157,164,173],"millimeter":[21],"wave":[22],"spectrum.":[23],"transceivers":[25,94],"reduce":[26],"radio":[28],"frequency":[29],"chain":[30],"count":[31],"and":[32,43,56,72,124,159,177],"cost":[33],"by":[34,88],"dividing":[35],"task":[37],"between":[40],"digital":[42,71,122],"analog":[44,73,82,89,125],"processing":[45],"domains,":[46],"but":[47],"near-optimal":[48],"design":[49,59,118,142],"hybrid":[52,93,175],"precoders":[53,83,126],"is":[54,60,64],"non-trivial":[55],"their":[57,86],"optimal":[58,132],"analytically":[61],"intractable.":[62],"This":[63],"due":[65,84],"joint":[68],"optimization":[69,129],"matrices":[75],"well":[77],"extra":[79],"constraints":[80],"for":[81],"realization":[87],"phase":[90],"shifters.":[91],"Additionally,":[92],"can":[95,134],"be":[96,135],"implemented":[97],"via":[98],"two":[99,128],"architectures,":[100],"either":[101],"fully-connected":[102],"or":[103],"partially-connected.":[104],"In":[105],"this":[106],"paper,":[107],"we":[108],"make":[109],"use":[110],"projection":[112],"algorithms":[113],"greatly":[115],"simplify":[116],"problem":[119],"baseband":[123],"into":[127],"subproblems":[130],"whose":[131],"solutions":[133],"found.":[136],"We":[137],"also":[138],"incorporate":[139],"simplified":[144],"user":[145,178],"clustering":[146,179],"algorithm":[147,180],"based":[148],"on":[149],"discrete":[151],"Fourier":[152],"transform,":[153],"where":[154],"users":[155],"within":[156],"same":[158],"overlapping":[160],"angular":[161],"bins":[162],"beam-space":[165],"domain":[166],"are":[167],"grouped":[168],"together.":[169],"Simulation":[170],"results":[171],"demonstrate":[172],"proposed":[174],"outperforms":[181],"existing":[182],"algorithms.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}